Methods for modulating splicing

ABSTRACT

Described herein are methods of use of small molecule splicing modulator compounds that modulate splicing of mRNA, such as pre-mRNA, encoded by genes, and methods of treating diseases and conditions associated with gene expression or activity of proteins encoded by genes.

CROSS REFERENCE

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/813,069, filed on Mar. 9, 2020, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/862,468, filed on Jun. 17, 2019, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Jul. 7, 2021, is named 51503-708.301_SL.txt and is 4,673 bytes in size.

BACKGROUND

The majority of protein-coding genes in the human genome are composed of multiple exons (coding regions) that are separated by introns (non-coding regions). Gene expression results in a single precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA). The intron sequences are subsequently removed from the pre-mRNA by a process called splicing, which results in the mature messenger RNA (mRNA). By including different combinations of exons, alternative splicing gives rise to multiple mRNAs encoding distinct protein isoforms. The spliceosome, an intracellular complex of multiple proteins and ribonucleoproteins, catalyzes splicing. Splicing is a tightly regulated process in different tissues and development stages, with the “code” of splicing largely built in the intronic and exonic cis-regulatory elements of the pre-mRNA.

Current therapeutic approaches to direct and control mRNA expression require methods such as gene therapy, genome editing, or a wide range of oligonucleotide technologies (antisense, RNAi, etc.). Gene therapy and genome editing act upstream of transcription of mRNA by influencing the DNA code and thereby changing mRNA expression. Oligonucleotides modulate the action of RNA via canonical base/base hybridization. The appeal of this approach is in the design of the basic pharmacophore of an oligonucleotide, which can be defined in a straightforward fashion by known base-pairing to the target sequence subject.

Another potential therapeutic approach to modulate the action of RNA is using small molecules. Small molecules have been essential in uncovering the mechanisms, regulations, and functions of many cellular processes, including DNA replication, transcription, and translation. This approach offers benefits such as easy administration (e.g., oral administration), easy penetration into cell membranes or target organs, and better absorption. In addition, RNA secondary structure can be annotated from its sequence, thus allowing identification of functional regions that could be targeted by small molecule.

SUMMARY

Several recent reports have described screens for small molecule effectors of splicing, however, only a small number of constitutive or alternative splicing modulators have been identified, and many of the small-molecule inhibitors lack specificity, lack selectivity, lack potency, exhibit toxicity, or are not orally available. Targeting the RNA transcriptome with small-molecule modulators represents an untapped therapeutic approach to treat a variety of diseases by modulating splicing. Accordingly, there remains a need to develop small-molecule RNA modulators useful as therapeutic agents. There is need in the art for novel modulators of splicing or splicing-dependent processes. Provided herein are small molecule splicing modulators and uses thereof that fulfill this need.

In some aspects, provided herein is a method of decreasing expression of a target protein, comprising contacting a small molecule splicing modulator (SMSM) to a pre-mRNA encoded by a gene of the target protein or a cell comprising the pre-mRNA, wherein the SMSM binds to the pre-mRNA to generate a spliced product of the pre-mRNA; wherein the spliced product of the pre-mRNA comprises a poison exon, a frame-shift and a premature termination codon downstream of the frame-shift, or a poison exon and an intron immediately downstream of the poison exon; wherein the spliced product of the pre-mRNA undergoes nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) and/or nuclear retention; and wherein expression of the target protein encoded by the spliced product is decreased.

In some embodiments, the pre-mRNA comprises a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide. In some embodiments, the expression of the target protein encoded by the spliced product is decreased by at least 30%. In some embodiments, the number of base pairs between the premature termination codon and the 3′ end of the poison exon or the number of base pairs between the premature termination codon and the 3′ end of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA is at least 50 or at least 60.

In some embodiments, the SMSM binds to the pre-mRNA, a protein bound to the pre-mRNA, and/or an RNA bound to the pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the SMSM modulates binding affinity of a splicing complex component to the pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the pre-mRNA comprises a splice site sequence and the SMSM modulates binding affinity of the splicing complex component to the pre-mRNA at the splice site sequence, upstream of the splice site sequence, or downstream of the splice site sequence. In some embodiments, the splice site sequence is a 5′ splice site sequence, a 3′ splice site sequence, a branch point splice site sequence, an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) sequence, an exonic splicing silencer (ESS) sequence, an intronic splicing enhancer (ISE) sequence, an intronic splicing silencer (ISS) sequence, a polypyrimidine tract sequence, a cryptic splice site sequence, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the gene does not comprise a mutation. In some embodiments, the mutation is associated with splicing of the pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the mutation is associated with expansion of a portion of the pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the mutation is associated with the expression level of the pre-mRNA or a protein encoded by the gene. In some embodiments, the mutation is associated with over-expression of the pre-mRNA or a protein encoded by the gene. In some embodiments, the mutation is associated with gain-of-function of a protein encoded by the gene. In some embodiments, the mutation is associated with a disease or a condition associated with expression level, over-expression, or gain-of-function of a protein encoded by the gene.

In some embodiments, the SMSM is present at a concentration of at least about 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, 1 μM, 10 μM, 100 μM, 1 mM, 10 mM, 100 mM, or 1 μM. In some embodiments, the SMSM has a molecular weight of at most about 2000 Daltons, 1500 Daltons, 1000 Daltons, or 900 Daltons. In some embodiments, the SMSM has a molecular weight of at least 100 Daltons, 200 Daltons, 300 Daltons, 400 Daltons, or 500 Daltons. In some embodiments, the SMSM does not comprise a phosphodiester linkage.

In some aspects, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or a condition in a subject in need thereof by promoting nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) and/or nuclear retention of a spliced product of a pre-mRNA encoded by a gene, the method comprising: administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) a small molecule splicing modulator (SMSM) and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein the SMSM binds to the pre-mRNA to generate the spliced product of the pre-mRNA; wherein the spliced product comprises a poison exon, a frame-shift and a premature termination codon downstream of the frame-shift, or a poison exon and an intron immediately downstream of the poison exon; and wherein the spliced product of the pre-mRNA undergoes NMD and/or nuclear retention.

In some aspects, provided herein is a method of modulating splicing comprising contacting a small molecule splicing modulator (SMSM) to a cell comprising a pre-mRNA transcript, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript encodes: (a) a first spliced transcript and (b) a spliced transcript that is different from the first spliced transcript, wherein the SMSM directly interacts with the pre-mRNA transcript and modulates splicing of the pre-mRNA transcript such that catalysis of a first splicing reaction is increased relative to catalysis of a second splicing reaction, wherein the first splicing reaction is splicing of the pre-mRNA transcript in the presence of the SMSM to form the first spliced transcript, wherein the second splicing reaction is splicing of the pre-mRNA transcript in the absence of the SMSM to form the first spliced transcript; wherein the first spliced transcript undergoes nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) and the spliced transcript that is different from the first spliced transcript does not undergo NMD or undergoes NMD to a lesser extent than the first spliced transcript; and wherein expression of a protein encoded by the spliced transcript that is different from the first spliced transcript is decreased in the cell.

In some aspects, provided herein is a method of modulating splicing comprising contacting a small molecule splicing modulator (SMSM) to a cell comprising a pre-mRNA transcript, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript encodes: (a) a first spliced transcript and (b) a spliced transcript that is different from the first spliced transcript; wherein the SMSM directly interacts with the pre-mRNA transcript and modulates splicing of the pre-mRNA transcript such that catalysis of a first splicing reaction is increased relative to catalysis of a second splicing reaction, wherein the first splicing reaction is splicing of the pre-mRNA transcript in the presence of the SMSM to form the first spliced transcript, wherein the second splicing reaction is splicing of the pre-mRNA transcript in the absence of the SMSM to form the first spliced transcript, wherein the first spliced transcript comprises a premature termination codon (PTC) and undergoes nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), wherein the spliced transcript that is different from the first spliced transcript does not comprise a PTC; and wherein expression of a protein encoded by the spliced transcript that is different from the first spliced transcript is decreased in the cell.

In some aspects, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or a condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) a small molecule splicing modulator (SMSM), and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; wherein the SMSM directly interacts with a pre-mRNA transcript of a cell of the subject and modulates splicing of the pre-mRNA transcript such that catalysis of a first splicing reaction is increased relative to catalysis of a second splicing reaction, wherein the first splicing reaction is splicing of a complex comprising the pre-mRNA transcript and the SMSM to form the first spliced transcript, wherein the second splicing reaction is splicing of the pre-mRNA transcript in the absence of the SMSM to form the first spliced transcript; wherein the first spliced transcript undergoes nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) and the spliced transcript that is different from the first spliced transcript does not undergo NMD or undergoes NMD to a lesser extent than the first spliced transcript, and wherein expression of a protein encoded by the spliced transcript that is different from the first spliced transcript is decreased in the cell of the subject.

In some aspects, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or a condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) a small molecule splicing modulator (SMSM), and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; wherein the SMSM directly interacts with a pre-mRNA transcript of a cell of the subject and modulates splicing of the pre-mRNA transcript such that catalysis of a first splicing reaction is increased relative to catalysis of a second splicing reaction, wherein the first splicing reaction is splicing of a complex comprising the pre-mRNA transcript and the SMSM to form the first spliced transcript, wherein the second splicing reaction is splicing of the pre-mRNA transcript in the absence of the SMSM to form the first spliced transcript, wherein the first spliced transcript comprises a premature termination codon (PTC) and undergoes nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), wherein the spliced transcript that is different from the first spliced transcript does not comprise a PTC; and wherein expression of a protein encoded by the spliced transcript that is different from the first spliced transcript is decreased in the cell of the subject.

In some embodiments, the first spliced transcript comprises a premature termination codon (PTC). In some embodiments, the spliced transcript that is different from the first spliced transcript does not comprise a PTC. In some embodiments, the spliced transcript that is different from the first spliced transcript does not undergo NMD or undergoes NMD to a lesser extent than the first spliced transcript. In some embodiments, the disease or the condition is associated with expression or overexpression of the protein encoded by the spliced transcript that is different from the first spliced transcript. In some embodiments, the first spliced transcript comprises a frame-shift and a PTC located downstream of the frame-shift. In some embodiments, the first spliced transcript comprises an exon containing a PTC that is naturally alternatively spliced in the spliced transcript that is different from the first spliced transcript.

In some embodiments, the first spliced transcript comprises a cryptic exon. In some embodiments, the cryptic exon comprises an intronic sequence. In some embodiments, the cryptic exon comprises a PTC. In some embodiments, the cryptic exon does not introduce a frame-shift. In some embodiments, the cryptic exon is a truncated exon. In some embodiments, the cryptic exon does not comprise a PTC. In some embodiments, the cryptic exon introduces a frame-shift and a PTC downstream of the frame-shift. In some embodiments, the pre-mRNA is encoded by a gene selected from the group consisting of genes listed in Table 3. In some embodiments, the disease or the condition is a disease or a condition listed in Table 3. In some embodiments, the pre-mRNA comprises a splice site sequence. In some embodiments, the splice site sequence is selected from the group consisting of splice site sequences listed in Table 3. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering an additional therapeutic molecule to the subject. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the SMSM binds to the pre-mRNA, a protein bound to the pre-mRNA, and/or an RNA bound to the pre-mRNA.

In some embodiments, the SMSM promotes inclusion of the cryptic exon in the first spliced transcript. In some embodiments, the first spliced transcript comprises a poison exon. In some embodiments, the SMSM promotes inclusion of the poison exon in the first spliced transcript. In some embodiments, the poison exon comprises an in-frame stop codon. In some embodiments, the in-frame stop codon is a premature termination codon (PTC). In some embodiments, the in-frame stop codon is at least 50 or 60 base pairs upstream of the 3′ end of the poison exon. In some embodiments, the in-frame stop codon is less than 60 base pairs upstream of the 3′ end of the poison exon, and wherein the exon immediately downstream of the poison exon is not the last exon in the pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the sum of (a) the number of base pairs in the exon immediately downstream of the poison exon and (b) the number of base pairs between the premature stop codon or the PTC in the poison exon and the 3′ end of the poison exon is at least 50 or at least 60.

In some embodiments, inclusion of the poison exon in the first spliced transcript results in a frame-shift in an exon following the poison exon in the first spliced transcript. In some embodiments, the exon following the poison exon is an exon immediately following the poison exon in the first spliced transcript. In some embodiments, the exon following the poison exon comprises an in-frame stop codon that is not in frame in the absence of the poison exon. In some embodiments, the in-frame stop codon in the exon following the poison exon is at least 50 or 60 base pairs upstream of the 3′ end of the exon following the poison exon. In some embodiments, the in-frame stop codon in the exon following the poison exon is less than 60 base pairs upstream of the 3′ end of the exon following the poison exon, and wherein the exon immediately downstream of the exon containing the in-frame stop codon is not the last exon in the pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the sum of (a) the number of base pairs in the exon immediately downstream of the exon containing the in-frame stop codon and (b) the number of base pairs between the in-frame stop codon in the exon following the poison exon and the 3′ end of the exon following the poison exon is at least 50 or at least 60.

In some embodiments, the first spliced transcript comprising the poison exon further comprises an intron immediately following the poison exon. In some embodiments, the SMSM promotes inclusion of the intron immediately following the poison exon in the first spliced transcript of the pre-mRNA.

In some embodiments, the amount of the first spliced transcript of the pre-mRNA is reduced in one or more of the cells compared to an amount of the spliced transcript that is different from the first spliced transcript. In some embodiments, the amount of the first spliced transcript of the pre-mRNA is reduced in at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 75%, or 90% of the cells compared to the amount of the spliced transcript that is different from the first spliced transcript. In some embodiments, the amount of the first spliced transcript of the pre-mRNA containing the poison exon is less than 10%, 15%, 20%, 25, 30, 40, 50, 75%, 90%, or 100% of the total transcripts representing the gene.

In some embodiments, the amount of the first spliced transcript of the pre-mRNA containing the poison exon is increased by at least 1.1-fold, 1.2-fold, 1.3-fold, 1.4-fold, 1.5-fold, 1.6-fold, 1.7-fold, 1.8-fold, 1.9-fold, 2-fold, 2.5-fold, 3-fold, 3.5-fold, 4-fold, 4.5-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, or more than 10-fold, compared to an amount of the first spliced transcript of the pre-mRNA containing the poison exon in a comparable method without the SMSM. In some embodiments, the amount of the first spliced transcript of the pre-mRNA containing the poison exon is increased in the presence of cycloheximide by at least 1.1-fold, 1.2-fold, 1.3-fold, 1.4-fold, 1.5-fold, 1.6-fold, 1.7-fold, 1.8-fold, 1.9-fold, 2-fold, 2.5-fold, 3-fold, 3.5-fold, 4-fold, 4.5-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, or more than 10-fold, compared the an amount of the first spliced transcript of the pre-mRNA containing the poison exon in a comparable method without the SMSM in the presence of cycloheximide. In some embodiments, the amount of the first spliced transcript of the pre-mRNA containing the poison exon is more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, or 90% of the total transcripts representing the gene.

In some embodiments, the amount of the first spliced transcript of the pre-mRNA is increased in the nucleus by at least 1.1-fold, 1.2-fold, 1.3-fold, 1.4-fold, 1.5-fold, 1.6-fold, 1.7-fold, 1.8-fold, 1.9-fold, 2-fold, 2.5-fold, 3-fold, 3.5-fold, 4-fold, 4.5-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, or 10-fold, or more than 10-fold, compared to the amount of the first spliced transcript of the pre-mRNA in the cytoplasm. In some embodiments, the amount of the first spliced transcript of the pre-mRNA in the nucleus is more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, or 90% of the total transcripts representing the gene.

In some embodiments, the SMSM binds to a splicing complex. In some embodiments, the SMSM modulates binding affinity of a splicing complex component to the pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the SMSM modulates binding affinity of the splicing complex component to the pre-mRNA at the splice site sequence. In some embodiments, the SMSM modulates binding affinity of the splicing complex component to the pre-mRNA upstream of the splice site sequence or downstream of the splice site sequence. In some embodiments, the splicing complex component comprises a nucleic acid, a protein, a carbohydrate, a lipid, a co-factor, a nutrient, a metabolite, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the splicing complex component comprises an auxiliary splicing factor. In some embodiments, the auxiliary splicing factor comprises a ribonucleoprotein (RNP). In some embodiments, the RNP is a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) or a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP).

In some embodiments, the auxiliary splicing factor comprises 9G8, A1 hnRNP, A2 hnRNP, ASD-1, ASD-2b, ASF, B1 hnRNP, C1 hnRNP, C2 hnRNP, CBP20, CBP80, CELF, F hnRNP, FBP11, Fox-1, Fox-2, G hnRNP, H hnRNP, hnRNP 1, hnRNP 3, hnRNP C, hnRNP G, hnRNP K, hnRNP M, hnRNP U, Hu, HUR, I hnRNP, K hnRNP, KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP), L hnRNP, M hnRNP, mBBP, muscle-blind like (MBNL), NF45, NFAR, Nova-1, Nova-2, nPTB, P54/SFRS11, polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB), PRP19 complex proteins, R hnRNP, RNPC1, SAM68, SC35, SF, SF1/BBP, SF2, SF3 a, SF3B, SFRS10, Sm proteins, SR proteins, SRm300, SRp20, SRp30c, SRP35C, SRP36, SRP38, SRp40, SRp55, SRp75, SRSF, STAR, GSG, SUP-12, TASR-1, TASR-2, TIA, TIAR, TRA2, TRA2a/b, U hnRNP, U1 snRNP, U11 snRNP, U12 snRNP, U1-C, U2 snRNP, U2AF1-RS2, U2AF35, U2AF65, U4 snRNP, U5 snRNP, U6 snRNP, Urp, YB1, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the splicing complex component comprises a spliceosome component. In some embodiments, the spliceosome component comprises an RNA. In some embodiments, the RNA is a small nuclear RNA (snRNA). In some embodiments, the snRNA comprises U1 snRNA, U2 snRNA, U4 snRNA, U5 snRNA, U6 snRNA, U11 snRNA, U12 snRNA, U4atac snRNA, U5 snRNA, U6 atac snRNA, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the spliceosome component comprises a protein. In some embodiments, the protein is a serine/arginine-rich (SR) protein. In some embodiments, the splice site sequence is a 5′ splice site sequence, a 3′ splice site sequence, a branch point splice site sequence, an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) sequence, an exonic splicing silencer (ESS) sequence, an intronic splicing enhancer (ISE) sequence, an intronic splicing silencer (ISS) sequence, a polypyrimidine tract sequence, a cryptic splice site sequence, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the splice site sequence is a cryptic splice site sequence.

In some embodiments, the pre-mRNA comprises a bulge. In some embodiments, the pre-mRNA comprises a bulge that does not comprise a mutation. In some embodiments, the pre-mRNA comprises a bulge comprising a mutation. In some embodiments, the bulge is due to mismatched base pairing between the splice site sequence and a snRNA sequence. In some embodiments, the pre-mRNA comprises a loop. In some embodiments, the pre-mRNA comprises a loop that does not comprise a mutation. In some embodiments, the pre-mRNA comprises a loop comprising a mutation. In some embodiments, the pre-mRNA comprises a loop is due to mismatched base pairing between the splice site sequence and a snRNA sequence.

In some embodiments, the pre-mRNA comprises a cis-acting element sequence. In some embodiments, the cis-acting element sequence comprises a mutation, a bulge, a loop, or a combination thereof, at the cis-acting element sequence, 1-50000, 1-25000, 1-10000, 1-5000, or 1-1000 nucleobases upstream of the cis-acting element sequence, or 1-50000, 1-25000, 1-10000, 1-5000, or 1-1000 nucleobases downstream of the cis-acting element sequence. In some embodiments, the cis-acting element sequence comprises a 5′ splice site sequence, a 3′ splice site sequence, a branch point (BP) splice site sequence, a polypyrimidine tract sequence, a regulatory element sequence, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the cis-acting element sequence modulates the splicing event. In some embodiments, the cis-acting element sequence comprises a regulatory element sequence that modulates recruitment of a spliceosome to the pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the regulatory element sequence comprises an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) sequence, an exonic splicing silencer (ESS) sequence, an intronic splicing enhancer (ISE) sequence, an intronic splicing silencer (ISS) sequence, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the pre-mRNA comprises a sequence that is encoded by a gene. In some embodiments, the gene comprises a mutation. In some embodiments, the mutation is associated with splicing of the pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the mutation is associated with expansion of a portion of the pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the mutation is associated with the expression level of the pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the mutation is associated with over-expression of the pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the mutation is associated with the expression level of a polynucleotide other than the pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the mutation is associated with over-expression of the polynucleotide other than the pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the mutation is associated with the expression level of a protein encoded by the gene. In some embodiments, the mutation is associated with over-expression of the protein encoded by the gene. In some embodiments, the mutation is associated with gain-of-function of a protein encoded by the gene. In some embodiments, gain-of-function of the protein encoded by the gene results in a toxic protein. In some embodiments, the mutation is associated with a disease.

In some embodiments, the SMSM is present at a concentration of at least about 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, 1 μM, 10 μM, 100 μM, 1 mM, 10 mM, 100 mM, or 1 μM. In some embodiments, the SMSM has a molecular weight of at most about 2000 Daltons, 1500 Daltons, 1000 Daltons, or 900 Daltons. In some embodiments, the SMSM has a molecular weight of at least 100 Daltons, 200 Daltons, 300 Daltons, 400 Daltons, or 500 Daltons. In some embodiments, the SMSM does not comprise a phosphodiester linkage.

In some aspects, provided herein is a method of inducing nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) and/or nuclear retention of a spliced product of a pre-mRNA comprising contacting the pre-mRNA with a small molecule splicing modulator (SMSM) that binds to the pre-mRNA to generate the spliced product of the pre-mRNA, wherein the spliced product of the pre-mRNA contains i) a poison exon, ii) a frame-shift and a premature termination codon (PTC) downstream of the frame-shift, or iii) a poison exon and an intron immediately downstream of the poison exon.

In some aspects, provided herein is a method of decreasing protein expression in a cell comprising inducing nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) and/or nuclear retention of a spliced product of a pre-mRNA by contacting the pre-mRNA with a small molecule splicing modulator that binds to the pre-mRNA to generate the spliced product of the pre-mRNA, wherein the spliced product of the pre-mRNA contains i) a poison exon, ii) a frame-shift and a premature termination codon (PTC) downstream of the frame-shift, or iii) a poison exon and an intron immediately downstream of the poison exon.

In some aspects, provided herein is a method of treating a disease in an individual in need thereof by inducing nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) and/or nuclear retention of a spliced product of a pre-mRNA comprising administering to the individual a small molecule splicing modulator that binds to the pre-mRNA to generate the spliced product of the pre-mRNA, wherein the spliced product of the pre-mRNA contains i) a poison exon, ii) a frame-shift and a premature termination codon (PTC) downstream of the frame-shift, or iii) a poison exon and an intron immediately downstream of the poison exon, and the spliced product of the pre-mRNA undergoes nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) and/or nuclear retention.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts RNA structure analysis of a splice site, showing base-pairing between 5′ splice site sequence and U1 snRNA sequence that forms a bulge structure. ss: splice site, Ψ: pseudouridine. Figure discloses SEQ ID NOs 10, 11, 10, 12, 10, 13, 10, and 14, respectively, in order of appearance.

FIG. 2 depicts RNA structure analysis of a splice site, showing base-pairing between 5′ splice site sequence and U1 snRNA sequence that forms a loop structure. ss: splice site, Ψ: pseudouridine. Figure discloses SEQ ID NOs 10, 15, 10, 16, 10, and 17, respectively, in order of appearance.

FIG. 3 depicts RNA structure analysis of an exemplary target splice site, showing base-pairing between target 5′ splice site sequence and U1 snRNA sequence. ss: splice site, Ψ: pseudouridine. Figure discloses SEQ ID NOs 10, 1, 10, and 1, respectively, in order of appearance.

FIG. 4 depicts RNA structure analysis of an exemplary target splice site, showing base-pairing between target 5′ splice site sequence and U1 snRNA sequence. ss: splice site, Ψ: pseudouridine. Figure discloses SEQ ID NOs 10, 2, 18, 10, 2, 10, and 18, respectively, in order of appearance.

FIG. 5 depicts RNA structure analysis of an exemplary target splice site, showing base-pairing between target 5′ splice site sequence and U1 snRNA sequence. ss: splice site, Ψ: pseudouridine. Figure discloses SEQ ID NOs 10, 3, 19, 10, 3, 10, and 19, respectively, in order of appearance.

FIG. 6 depicts a simplified schematic of Target 1 gene and selected splicing variants. ss: splice site, NMD: nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

FIG. 7 depicts SMSM mediated inclusion of a poison exon in the target mRNA transcript. FIG. 7 shows agarose gel-electrophoresis images showing PCR-amplified bands of a target gene fragment spanning exon 7 (E7) and exon 8 (E8) with cDNA extracted from cells incubated with an SMSM or control (DMSO). E7c: exon 7c.

FIG. 8 depicts graphs demonstrating absolute copy number of target mRNA normalized to TATA-box binding protein (TBP). SMSM promotes inclusion of poison exons 7b and 7c in mRNA and decreases the number of mRNA that does not contain a poison exon. E7: exon 7, E8: exon 8, E7b: exon 7b, E7c: exon 7c.

FIG. 9 depicts graphs demonstrating absolute copy number of target mRNA in the absence (left) or in the presence of cycloheximide (CHX). E7: exon 7, E8: exon 8, E7b: exon 7b, E7c: exon 7c.

FIG. 10 depicts graphs demonstrating relative fold in target mRNA expression in the presence of various SMSMs compared to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). SMSMs promote inclusion of poison exons 7b and 7c in mRNA. E7: exon 7, E8: exon 8, E7b: exon 7b, E7c: exon 7c.

FIG. 11 depicts graphs demonstrating relative fold in target mRNA expression in the presence of various SMSMs compared to DMSO. SMSMs promote inclusion of poison exons 7b and 7c in mRNA. E7: exon 7, E8: exon 8, E7b: exon 7b, E7c: exon 7c.

FIG. 12 depicts graphs demonstrating relative fold in target mRNA expression in the presence of various SMSMs compared to DMSO. SMSMs promote inclusion of poison exons 7b and 7c in mRNA. E7: exon 7, E8: exon 8, E7b: exon 7b, E7c: exon 7c.

FIG. 13 depicts graphs demonstrating relative fold in target mRNA expression in the presence of various SMSMs compared to DMSO. SMSMs promote inclusion of poison exons 7b and 7c in mRNA. E7: exon 7, E8: exon 8, E7b: exon 7b, E7c: exon 7c.

FIG. 14 depicts graphs demonstrating relative fold in target mRNA expression in the presence of various SMSMs compared to DMSO. SMSMs promote inclusion of poison exons 7b and 7c in mRNA. E7: exon 7, E8: exon 8, E7b: exon 7b, E7c: exon 7c.

FIG. 15 depicts graphs demonstrating relative fold in target mRNA expression in the presence of various SMSMs compared to DMSO. SMSMs promote inclusion of poison exons 7b and 7c in mRNA. E7: exon 7, E8: exon 8, E7b: exon 7b, E7c: exon 7c.

FIG. 16 depicts graphs demonstrating relative fold in target mRNA expression in the presence of various SMSMs compared to DMSO. SMSMs promote inclusion of poison exons 7b and 7c in mRNA. E7: exon 7, E8: exon 8, E7b: exon 7b, E7c: exon 7c.

FIG. 17 depicts a western blot analysis demonstrating that there is an SMSM mediated decrease in the target protein level in A-673 cells.

FIG. 18 depicts a simplified schematic of Target 2 gene and selected splicing variants. ss: splice site, NMD: nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

FIG. 19 depicts SMSM-mediated inclusion of a poison exon in the target mRNA transcript. FIG. 12 shows agarose gel-electrophoresis images showing PCR-amplified bands of a target gene fragment spanning exon 12 (E12) and exon 13 (E13) with cDNA extracted from SK-N-MC cells incubated with an SMSM or control (DMSO). E12c: exon 12c.

FIG. 20 depicts SMSM-mediated inclusion of a poison exon in the target mRNA transcript. FIG. 13 shows agarose gel-electrophoresis images showing PCR-amplified bands of a target gene fragment spanning exon 12 (E12) and exon 13 (E13) with cDNA extracted from A-673 cells incubated with an SMSM or control (DMSO). E12c: exon 12c.

FIG. 21 depicts graphs demonstrating relative fold in target mRNA expression in the presence of an SMSM compared to DMSO. SMSM promotes inclusion of poison exon 12c (E12c) and decreases non-cryptic exon 12 (E12). E13: exon 13, E12b: exon 12b, ΔΔCt: formula used to calculate the relative fold in gene expression when performing real-time qPCR.

FIG. 22 depicts graphs demonstrating relative fold in target mRNA expression in the presence of various SMSMs compared to DMSO. SMSMs promote inclusion of poison exon 12c in mRNA. E12: exon 12, E13: exon 13, E12c: exon 12c.

FIG. 23 depicts graphs demonstrating relative fold in target mRNA expression in the presence of various SMSMs compared to DMSO. SMSMs promote inclusion of poison exon 12c in mRNA. E12: exon 12, E13: exon 13, E12c: exon 12c

FIG. 24 depicts graphs demonstrating relative fold in target mRNA expression in the presence of various SMSMs compared to DMSO. SMSMs promote inclusion of poison exon 12c in mRNA. E12: exon 12, E13: exon 13, E12c: exon 12c.

FIG. 25 depicts graphs demonstrating relative fold in target mRNA expression in the presence of various SMSMs compared to DMSO. SMSMs promote inclusion of poison exon 12c in mRNA. E12: exon 12, E13: exon 13, E12c: exon 12c.

FIG. 26 depicts graphs demonstrating relative fold in target mRNA expression in the presence of various SMSMs compared to DMSO. SMSMs promote inclusion of poison exon 12c in mRNA. E12: exon 12, E13: exon 13, E12c: exon 12c.

FIG. 27 depicts graphs demonstrating relative fold in target mRNA expression in the presence of various SMSMs compared to DMSO. SMSMs promote inclusion of poison exon 12c in mRNA. E12: exon 12, E13: exon 13, E12c: exon 12c.

FIG. 28 depicts graphs demonstrating relative fold in target mRNA expression in the presence of various SMSMs compared to DMSO. SMSMs promote inclusion of poison exon 12c in mRNA. E12: exon 12, E13: exon 13, E12c: exon 12c.

FIG. 29 depicts SMSM mediated inclusion of a poison exon in the target mRNA transcript. FIG. 29 shows agarose gel-electrophoresis images showing PCR-amplified bands of a target gene fragment spanning exon 4 (E4) and exon 5 (E5) with cDNA extracted from cells incubated with an SMSM or control (DMSO). E4a: Exon 4a.

FIG. 30 depicts RNA-seq results showing that treating GM04727 cells with various SMSMs leads to inclusion of a poison exon (shaded in pink) in the target RNA transcripts.

FIG. 31 depicts RNA-seq results showing that treating GM04727 cells with various SMSMs leads to inclusion of a poison exon (shaded in pink) in the target RNA transcripts.

FIG. 32 depicts RNA-seq results showing that treating GM04727 cells with various SMSMs leads to inclusion of a poison exon (shaded in pink) in the target RNA transcripts.

FIG. 33 depicts RNA-seq results showing that treating GM04727 cells with various SMSMs leads to inclusion of a poison exon (shaded in pink) and an intron following the poison exon in the target RNA transcripts.

FIG. 34 depicts RNA-seq results showing that treating GM04727 cells with various SMSMs leads to inclusion of a poison exon (shaded in pink) and an intron following the poison exon in the target RNA transcripts.

FIG. 35 depicts RNA-seq results showing that treating GM04727 cells with various SMSMs leads to inclusion of a poison exon (shaded in pink) and an intron following the poison exon in the target RNA transcripts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Certain specific details of this description are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the present disclosure may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known structures have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments. Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is, as “including, but not limited to.” Further, headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the claimed disclosure.

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, suitable methods, and materials are described below.

Definitions

The term “small molecule splicing modulator” or “SMSM” denotes a small molecule compound that binds to a cell component (e.g., DNA, RNA, pre-mRNA, protein, RNP, snRNA, carbohydrates, lipids, co-factors, nutrients, and/or metabolites) and modulates splicing. For example, an SMSM can bind to a polynucleotide, e.g., an RNA (e.g., a pre-mRNA) with an aberrant splice site, resulting in steric modulation of the polynucleotide. For example, an SMSM can bind to a protein, e.g., a spliceosome protein or a ribonuclear protein, resulting in steric modulation of the protein. For example, an SMSM can bind to a spliceosome component, e.g., a spliceosome protein or snRNA resulting in steric modulation of the spliceosome protein or snRNA. The term “small molecule splicing modulator” or “SMSM” specifically excludes compounds consisting of oligonucleotides.

“Steric alteration,” “steric modification,” or “steric modulation” herein refers to changes in the spatial orientation of chemical moieties with respect to each other. A person of ordinary skill in the art would recognize steric mechanisms include, but are not limited to, steric hindrance, steric shielding, steric attraction, chain crossing, steric repulsions, steric inhibition of resonance, and steric inhibition of protonation.

Any open valency appearing on a carbon, oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom in the structures herein indicates the presence of a hydrogen, unless indicated otherwise.

The definitions described herein apply irrespective of whether the terms in question appear alone or in combination. It is contemplated that the definitions described herein can be appended to form chemically-relevant combinations, such as e.g., “heterocycloalkylaryl,” “haloalkylheteroaryl,” “arylalkylheterocycloalkyl,” or “alkoxyalkyl.” The last member of the combination is the radical which is binding to the rest of the molecule. The other members of the combination are attached to the binding radical in reversed order in respect of the literal sequence, e.g., the combination arylalkylheterocycloalkyl refers to a heterocycloalkyl-radical which is substituted by an alkyl which is substituted by an aryl.

When indicating the number of substituents, the term “one or more” refers to the range from one substituent to the highest possible number of substitution, i.e., replacement of one hydrogen up to replacement of all hydrogens by substituents.

The term “optional” or “optionally” denotes that a subsequently described event or circumstance can but need not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not.

The term “substituent” denotes an atom or a group of atoms replacing a hydrogen atom on the parent molecule.

The term “substituted” denotes that a specified group bears one or more substituents. Where any group can carry multiple substituents and a variety of possible substituents is provided, the substituents are independently selected and need not to be the same. The term “unsubstituted” means that the specified group bears no substituents. The term “optionally substituted” means that the specified group is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents, independently chosen from the group of possible substituents. When indicating the number of substituents, the term “one or more” means from one substituent to the highest possible number of substitution, i.e., replacement of one hydrogen up to replacement of all hydrogens by substituents.

The terms “compound(s) of this disclosure,” “compound(s) of the present disclosure,” “small molecule steric modulator,” “small molecule splicing modulator,” “steric modulator,” “splicing modulator,” “compounds that modify splicing,” and “compounds modifying splicing” are interchangeably used herein and refer to compounds as disclosed herein and stereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, and salts (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable salts) thereof.

The following abbreviations are used throughout the specification: acetic acid (AcOH); ethyl acetate (EtOAc); butyl alcohol (n-BuOH); 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE); dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂, DCM); diisopropylethylamine (Diipea); dimethylfomiamide (DMF); hydrogen chloride (HCl); methanol (MeOH); methoxymethyl bromide (MOMBr); N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP); methyl Iodide (MeI); n-propanol (n-PrOH); p-methoxybenzyl (PMB); triethylamine (Et₃N); [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II); (Pd(dppf)Cl₂); sodium ethane thiolate (EtSNa); sodium acetate (NaOAc); sodium hydride (NaH); sodium hydroxide (NaOH); tetrahydropyran (THP); tetrahydrofuran (THF).

As used herein, C₁-C_(x) includes C₁-C₂, C₁-C₃ . . . C₁-C_(x). By way of example only, a group designated as “C₁-C₄” indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the moiety, i.e. groups containing 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms or 4 carbon atoms. Thus, by way of example only, “C₁-C₄ alkyl” indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the alkyl group, i.e., the alkyl group is selected from among methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl.

The term “oxo” refers to the ═O substituent.

The term “thioxo” refers to the ═S substituent.

The term “halo,” “halogen,” and “halide” are used interchangeably herein and denote fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo.

The term “alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical, having from one to twenty carbon atoms, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. An alkyl comprising up to 10 carbon atoms is referred to as a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, likewise, for example, an alkyl comprising up to 6 carbon atoms is a C₁-C₆ alkyl. Alkyls (and other moieties defined herein) comprising other numbers of carbon atoms are represented similarly. Alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₉ alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₇ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₅ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₂ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₈ alkyl and C₄-C₈ alkyl. Representative alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1-methylethyl (i-propyl), n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl (t-butyl), 3-methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, 1-ethyl-propyl, and the like. In some embodiments, the alkyl is methyl or ethyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl is —CH(CH₃)₂ or —C(CH₃)₃. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkyl group may be optionally substituted as described below. “Alkylene” or “alkylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbon chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radical group. In some embodiments, the alkylene is —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, or —CH₂CH₂CH₂—. In some embodiments, the alkylene is —CH₂—. In some embodiments, the alkylene is —CH₂CH₂—. In some embodiments, the alkylene is —CH₂CH₂CH₂—.

The term “alkoxy” refers to a radical of the formula —OR where R is an alkyl radical as defined. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkoxy group may be optionally substituted as described below. Representative alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy. In some embodiments, the alkoxy is methoxy. In some embodiments, the alkoxy is ethoxy.

The term “alkylamino” refers to a radical of the formula —NHR or —NRR where each R is, independently, an alkyl radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylamino group may be optionally substituted as described below.

The term “alkenyl” refers to a type of alkyl group in which at least one carbon-carbon double bond is present. In one embodiment, an alkenyl group has the formula —C(R)═CR₂, wherein R refers to the remaining portions of the alkenyl group, which may be the same or different. In some embodiments, R is H or an alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkenyl is selected from ethenyl (i.e., vinyl), propenyl (i.e., allyl), butenyl, pentenyl, pentadienyl, and the like. Non-limiting examples of an alkenyl group include —CH═CH₂, —C(CH₃)═CH₂, —CH═CHCH₃, —C(CH₃)═CHCH₃, and —CH₂CH═CH₂.

The term “alkynyl” refers to a type of alkyl group in which at least one carbon-carbon triple bond is present. In one embodiment, an alkenyl group has the formula —C≡C—R, wherein R refers to the remaining portions of the alkynyl group. In some embodiments, R is H or an alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkynyl is selected from ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like. Non-limiting examples of an alkynyl group include —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃—C≡CCH₂CH₃, —CH₂C≡CH.

The term “aromatic” refers to a planar ring having a delocalized π-electron system containing 4n+2 π electrons, where n is an integer. Aromatics can be optionally substituted. The term “aromatic” includes both aryl groups (e.g., phenyl, naphthalenyl) and heteroaryl groups (e.g., pyridinyl, quinolinyl).

The term “aryl” refers to an aromatic ring wherein each of the atoms forming the ring is a carbon atom. Aryl groups can be optionally substituted. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to phenyl, and naphthyl. In some embodiments, the aryl is phenyl. Depending on the structure, an aryl group can be a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an arylene group). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the term “aryl” or the prefix “ar-” (such as in “aralkyl”) is meant to include aryl radicals that are optionally substituted. In some embodiments, an aryl group is partially reduced to form a cycloalkyl group defined herein. In some embodiments, an aryl group is fully reduced to form a cycloalkyl group defined herein.

The term “haloalkyl” denotes an alkyl group wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group has been replaced by same or different halogen atoms, particularly fluoro atoms. Examples of haloalkyl include monofluoro-, difluoro- or trifluoro-methyl, -ethyl or -propyl, for example, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, fluoromethyl, or trifluoromethyl. The term “perhaloalkyl” denotes an alkyl group where all hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group have been replaced by the same or different halogen atoms.

The term “haloalkoxy” denotes an alkoxy group wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkoxy group has been replaced by same or different halogen atoms, particularly fluoro atoms. Examples of haloalkoxyl include monofluoro-, difluoro- or trifluoro-methoxy, -ethoxy or -propoxy, for example, 3,3,3-trifluoropropoxy, 2-fluoroethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, fluoromethoxy, or trifluoromethoxy. The term “perhaloalkoxy” denotes an alkoxy group where all hydrogen atoms of the alkoxy group have been replaced by the same or different halogen atoms.

The term “bicyclic ring system” denotes two rings which are fused to each other via a common single or double bond (annelated bicyclic ring system), via a sequence of three or more common atoms (bridged bicyclic ring system) or via a common single atom (spiro bicyclic ring system). Bicyclic ring systems can be saturated, partially unsaturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. Bicyclic ring systems can comprise heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S.

The terms “carbocyclic” or “carbocycle” refer to a ring or ring system where the atoms forming the backbone of the ring are all carbon atoms. The term thus distinguishes carbocyclic from “heterocyclic” rings or “heterocycles” in which the ring backbone contains at least one atom which is different from carbon. In some embodiments, at least one of the two rings of a bicyclic carbocycle is aromatic. In some embodiments, both rings of a bicyclic carbocycle are aromatic. Carbocycle includes cycloalkyl and aryl.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic non-aromatic radical, wherein each of the atoms forming the ring (i.e., skeletal atoms) is a carbon atom. In some embodiments, cycloalkyls are saturated or partially unsaturated. In some embodiments, cycloalkyls are spirocyclic or bridged compounds. In some embodiments, cycloalkyls are fused with an aromatic ring (in which case the cycloalkyl is bonded through a non-aromatic ring carbon atom). Cycloalkyl groups include groups having from 3 to 10 ring atoms. Representative cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, cycloalkyls having from three to ten carbon atoms, from three to eight carbon atoms, from three to six carbon atoms, or from three to five carbon atoms. Monocyclic cycloalkyl radicals include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. In some embodiments, the monocyclic cycloalkyl is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. In some embodiments, the monocyclic cycloalkyl is cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl. In some embodiments, the monocyclic cycloalkyl is cyclopentenyl. Polycyclic radicals include, for example, adamantyl, 1,2-dihydronaphthalenyl, 1,4-dihydronaphthalenyl, tetrainyl, decalinyl, 3,4-dihydronaphthalenyl-1(2H)-one, spiro[2.2]pentyl, norbornyl and bicycle[1.1.1]pentyl. Unless otherwise stated specifically in the specification, a cycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “bridged” refers to any ring structure with two or more rings that contains a bridge connecting two bridgehead atoms. The bridgehead atoms are defined as atoms that are the part of the skeletal framework of the molecule and which are bonded to three or more other skeletal atoms. In some embodiments, the bridgehead atoms are C, N, or P. In some embodiments, the bridge is a single atom or a chain of atoms that connects two bridgehead atoms. In some embodiments, the bridge is a valence bond that connects two bridgehead atoms. In some embodiments, the bridged ring system is cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, the bridged ring system is heterocycloalkyl.

The term “fused” refers to any ring structure described herein which is fused to an existing ring structure. When the fused ring is a heterocyclyl ring or a heteroaryl ring, any carbon atom on the existing ring structure which becomes part of the fused heterocyclyl ring or the fused heteroaryl ring may be replaced with one or more N, S, and O atoms. The non-limiting examples of fused heterocyclyl or heteroaryl ring structures include 6-5 fused heterocycle, 6-6 fused heterocycle, 5-6 fused heterocycle, 5-5 fused heterocycle, 7-5 fused heterocycle, and 5-7 fused heterocycle.

The term “haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above, e.g., trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 1,2-difluoroethyl, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropyl, 1,2-dibromoethyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a haloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “haloalkoxy” refers to an alkoxy radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above, e.g., trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, fluoromethoxy, trichloromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, 1,2-difluoroethoxy, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropoxy, 1,2-dibromoethoxy, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a haloalkoxy group may be optionally substituted.

The term “fluoroalkyl” refers to an alkyl in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a fluorine atom. In one aspect, a fluoroalkyl is a C₁-C₆ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, a fluoroalkyl is selected from trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 1-fluoromethyl-2-fluoroethyl, and the like.

The term “heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or more skeletal atoms of the alkyl are selected from an atom other than carbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen (e.g., —NH—, —N(alkyl)-, or —N(aryl)-), sulfur (e.g., —S—, —S(═O)—, or —S(═O)₂—), or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule at a carbon atom of the heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule at a heteroatom of the heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl is a C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl. Representative heteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to —OCH₂OMe, —OCH₂CH₂OH, —OCH₂CH₂OMe, or —OCH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂NH₂.

The term “heteroalkylene” refers to an alkyl radical as described above where one or more carbon atoms of the alkyl is replaced with a 0, N or S atom. “Heteroalkylene” or “heteroalkylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent heteroalkyl chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radical group. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heteroalkyl or heteroalkylene group may be optionally substituted as described below. Representative heteroalkylene groups include, but are not limited to —OCH₂CH₂O—, —OCH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂O—, or —OCH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂O—.

The term “heterocycloalkyl” refers to a cycloalkyl group that includes at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heterocycloalkyl radical may be a monocyclic, or bicyclic ring system, which may include fused (when fused with an aryl or a heteroaryl ring, the heterocycloalkyl is bonded through a non-aromatic ring atom) or bridged ring systems. The nitrogen, carbon, or sulfur atoms in the heterocyclyl radical may be optionally oxidized. The nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized. The heterocycloalkyl radical is partially or fully saturated. Examples of heterocycloalkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, dioxolanyl, thienyl[1,3]dithianyl, tetrahydroquinolyl, tetrahydroisoquinolyl, decahydroquinolyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-thiomorpholinyl, 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl. The term heterocycloalkyl also includes all ring forms of carbohydrates, including but not limited to monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides. Unless otherwise noted, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 12 carbons in the ring. In some embodiments, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 10 carbons in the ring. In some embodiments, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 10 carbons in the ring and 1 or 2 N atoms. In some embodiments, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 10 carbons in the ring and 3 or 4 N atoms. In some embodiments, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 12 carbons, 0-2 N atoms, 0-2 O atoms, 0-2 P atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 12 carbons, 1-3 N atoms, 0-10 atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring. It is understood that when referring to the number of carbon atoms in a heterocycloalkyl, the number of carbon atoms in the heterocycloalkyl is not the same as the total number of atoms (including the heteroatoms) that make up the heterocycloalkyl (i.e. skeletal atoms of the heterocycloalkyl ring). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic” refers to heteroaromatic rings (also known as heteroaryls) and heterocycloalkyl rings (also known as heteroalicyclic groups) that includes at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein each heterocyclic group has from 3 to 12 atoms in its ring system, and with the proviso that any ring does not contain two adjacent O or S atoms. In some embodiments, heterocycles are monocyclic, bicyclic, polycyclic, spirocyclic or bridged compounds. Non-aromatic heterocyclic groups (also known as heterocycloalkyls) include rings having 3 to 12 atoms in its ring system and aromatic heterocyclic groups include rings having 5 to 12 atoms in its ring system. The heterocyclic groups include benzo-fused ring systems. Examples of non-aromatic heterocyclic groups are pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, oxazolidinonyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thioxanyl, piperazinyl, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, homopiperidinyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, oxazepinyl, diazepinyl, thiazepinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, pyrrolin-2-yl, pyrrolin-3-yl, indolinyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, pyrazolinyl, dithianyl, dithiolanyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrofuranyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, 3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl, ₃ h-indolyl, indolin-2-onyl, isoindolin-1-onyl, isoindoline-1,3-dionyl, 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-onyl, 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-onyl, isoindoline-1,3-dithionyl, benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-onyl, 1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-onyl, benzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)-onyl, and quinolizinyl. Examples of aromatic heterocyclic groups are pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, and furopyridinyl. The foregoing groups are either C-attached (or C-linked) or N-attached where such is possible. For instance, a group derived from pyrrole includes both pyrrol-1-yl (N-attached) or pyrrol-3-yl (C-attached). Further, a group derived from imidazole includes imidazol-1-yl or imidazol-3-yl (both N-attached) or imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl or imidazol-5-yl (all C-attached). The heterocyclic groups include benzo-fused ring systems. Non-aromatic heterocycles are optionally substituted with one or two oxo (═O) moieties, such as pyrrolidin-2-one. In some embodiments, at least one of the two rings of a bicyclic heterocycle is aromatic. In some embodiments, both rings of a bicyclic heterocycle are aromatic.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to an aryl group that includes one or more ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The heteroaryl is monocyclic or bicyclic. Illustrative examples of monocyclic heteroaryls include pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, indolizine, indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, indazole, benzimidazole, purine, quinolizine, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, 1,8-naphthyridine, and pteridine. Illustrative examples of monocyclic heteroaryls include pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, and furazanyl. Illustrative examples of bicyclic heteroaryls include indolizine, indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, indazole, benzimidazole, purine, quinolizine, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, 1,8-naphthyridine, and pteridine. In some embodiments, heteroaryl is pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thiadiazolyl or furyl. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl contains 0-6 N atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl contains 1-4 N atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl contains 4-6 N atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl contains 0-4 N atoms, 0-1 O atoms, 0-1 P atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl contains 1-4 N atoms, 0-1 O atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, heteroaryl is a C₁-C₉ heteroaryl. In some embodiments, monocyclic heteroaryl is a C₁-C₅ heteroaryl. In some embodiments, monocyclic heteroaryl is a 5-membered or 6-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, a bicyclic heteroaryl is a C₆-C₉ heteroaryl. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is partially reduced to form a heterocycloalkyl group defined herein. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is fully reduced to form a heterocycloalkyl group defined herein.

The term “moiety” refers to a specific segment or functional group of a molecule. Chemical moieties are often recognized chemical entities embedded in or appended to a molecule.

The term “optionally substituted” or “substituted” means that the referenced group is optionally substituted with one or more additional group(s) individually and independently selected from D, halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl)₂, —OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂alkyl, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NH(alkyl), —C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NH(alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(alkyl)₂, alkyl, cycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylsulfoxide, arylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, and arylsulfone. In some other embodiments, optional substituents are independently selected from D, halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, —OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —C(═O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₄ fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄ heteroalkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ fluoroalkoxy, —SC₁-C₄ alkyl, —S(═O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, and —S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl). In some embodiments, optional substituents are independently selected from D, halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —OH, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, —NH(cyclopropyl), —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, and —OCF₃. In some embodiments, substituted groups are substituted with one or two of the preceding groups. In some embodiments, an optional substituent on an aliphatic carbon atom (acyclic or cyclic) includes oxo (═O).

The term “tautomer” refers to a proton shift from one atom of a molecule to another atom of the same molecule. The compounds presented herein may exist as tautomers. Tautomers are compounds that are interconvertible by migration of a hydrogen atom, accompanied by a switch of a single bond and adjacent double bond. In bonding arrangements where tautomerization is possible, a chemical equilibrium of the tautomers will exist. All tautomeric forms of the compounds disclosed herein are contemplated. The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, including temperature, solvent, and pH. Some examples of tautomeric interconversions include:

The terms “administer,” “administering,” “administration,” and the like, as used herein, refer to the methods that may be used to enable delivery of compounds or compositions to the desired site of biological action. These methods include, but are not limited to oral routes (p.o.), intraduodenal routes (i.d.), parenteral injection (including intravenous (i.v.), subcutaneous (s.c.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), intramuscular (i.m.), intravascular or infusion (inf.)), topical (top.) and rectal (p.r.) administration. Those of skill in the art are familiar with administration techniques that can be employed with the compounds and methods described herein. In some embodiments, the compounds and compositions described herein are administered orally.

The terms “co-administration” or the like, as used herein, are meant to encompass administration of the selected therapeutic agents to a single patient, and are intended to include treatment regimens in which the agents are administered by the same or different route of administration or at the same or different time.

The terms “effective amount” or“therapeutically effective amount,” as used herein, refer to a sufficient amount of an agent or a compound being administered which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disease or the condition being treated; for example a reduction and/or alleviation of one or more signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system. For example, an “effective amount” for therapeutic uses can be an amount of an agent that provides a clinically significant decrease in one or more disease symptoms. An appropriate “effective” amount may be determined using techniques, such as a dose escalation study, in individual cases.

The terms “enhance” or “enhancing,” as used herein, means to increase or prolong either in amount, potency, or duration a desired effect. For example, in regard to enhancing splicing of a target, the term “enhancing” can refer to the ability to increase or prolong splicing, either in amount, potency or duration, of a target.

The term “subject” or “patient” encompasses mammals. Examples of mammals include, but are not limited to, any member of the mammalian class: humans, non-human primates such as chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats; laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, mice and guinea pigs, and the like. In one aspect, the mammal is a human. The term “animal” as used herein comprises human beings and non-human animals. In one embodiment, a “non-human animal” is a mammal, for example a rodent such as rat or a mouse. In one embodiment, a non-human animal is a mouse.

The terms “treat,” “treating” or “treatment,” as used herein, include alleviating, abating or ameliorating at least one symptom of a disease or a condition, preventing additional symptoms, inhibiting the disease or the condition, e.g., arresting the development of the disease or the condition, relieving the disease or the condition, causing regression of the disease or the condition, relieving a condition caused by the disease or the condition, or stopping the symptoms of the disease or the condition either prophylactically and/or therapeutically.

The term “preventing” or “prevention” of a disease state denotes causing the clinical symptoms of the disease state not to develop in a subject that can be exposed to or predisposed to the disease state, but does not yet experience or display symptoms of the disease state.

The terms “pharmaceutical composition” and “pharmaceutical formulation” (or “formulation”) are used interchangeably and denote a mixture or solution comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active pharmaceutical ingredient together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients to be administered to a subject, e.g., a human in need thereof.

The term “pharmaceutical combination” as used herein, means a product that results from mixing or combining more than one active ingredient and includes both fixed and non-fixed combinations of the active ingredients. The term “fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g., a compound described herein and a co-agent, are both administered to a patient simultaneously in the form of a single entity or dosage. The term “non-fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g. a compound described herein and a co-agent, are administered to a patient as separate entities either simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with no specific intervening time limits, wherein such administration provides effective levels of the two compounds in the body of the patient. The latter also applies to cocktail therapy, e.g., administration of three or more active ingredients.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” denotes an attribute of a material which is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic, and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable and is acceptable for veterinary as well as human pharmaceutical use. “Pharmaceutically acceptable” can refer a material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively nontoxic, i.e., the material may be administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.

The terms “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient”, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” and “therapeutically inert excipient” can be used interchangeably and denote any pharmaceutically acceptable ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition having no therapeutic activity and being non-toxic to the subject administered, such as disintegrators, binders, fillers, solvents, buffers, tonicity agents, stabilizers, antioxidants, surfactants, carriers, diluents, excipients, preservatives or lubricants used in formulating pharmaceutical products.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” denotes salts which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include both acid and base addition salts. A “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” can refer to a formulation of a compound that does not cause significant irritation to an organism to which it is administered and/or does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound. In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained by reacting an SMSM compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(VI) with acids. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are also obtained by reacting a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(VI) or with a base to form a salt.

The term “nucleic acid” or “polynucleic acid” as used herein generally refers to one or more nucleobases, nucleosides, or nucleotides, and the term includes polynucleobases, polynucleosides, and polynucleotides.

The term “polynucleotide,” as used herein generally refers to a molecule comprising two or more linked nucleic acid subunits, e.g., nucleotides, and can be used interchangeably with “oligonucleotide”. For example, a polynucleotide may include one or more nucleotides selected from adenosine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) and uracil (U), or variants thereof. A nucleotide generally includes a nucleoside and at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more phosphate (PO₃) groups. A nucleotide can include a nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and one or more phosphate groups. Ribonucleotides include nucleotides in which the sugar is ribose. Deoxyribonucleotides include nucleotides in which the sugar is deoxyribose. A nucleotide can be a nucleoside monophosphate, nucleoside diphosphate, nucleoside triphosphate or a nucleoside polyphosphate. For example, a nucleotide can be a deoxyribonucleoside polyphosphate, such as a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP), Exemplary dNTPs include deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP), deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP), deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP), uridine triphosphate (dUTP) and deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP). dNTPs can also include detectable tags, such as luminescent tags or markers (e.g., fluorophores). For example, a nucleotide can be a purine (i.e., A or G, or variant thereof) or a pyrimidine (i.e., C, T or U, or variant thereof). In some examples, a polynucleotide is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), or derivatives or variants thereof. Exemplary polynucleotides include, but are not limited to, short interfering RNA (siRNA), a microRNA (miRNA), a plasmid DNA (pDNA), a short hairpin RNA (shRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA), antisense RNA (asRNA), and heteronuclear RNA (hnRNA), and encompasses both the nucleotide sequence and any structural embodiments thereof, such as single-stranded, double-stranded, triple-stranded, helical, hairpin, loop, stem loop, bulge, asymmetric loop, symmetric loop, etc. In some cases, a polynucleotide is circular. A polynucleotide can have various lengths. For example, a polynucleotide can have a length of at least about 7 bases, 8 bases, 9 bases, 10 bases, 20 bases, 30 bases, 40 bases, 50 bases, 100 bases, 200 bases, 300 bases, 400 bases, 500 bases, 1 kilobase (kb), 2 kb, 3, kb, 4 kb, 5 kb, 10 kb, 50 kb, or more. A polynucleotide can be isolated from a cell or a tissue. For example, polynucleotide sequences may comprise isolated and purified DNA/RNA molecules, synthetic DNA/RNA molecules, and/or synthetic DNA/RNA analogs.

Polynucleotides may include one or more nucleotide variants, including nonstandard nucleotide(s), non-natural nucleotide(s), nucleotide analog(s), and/or modified nucleotides. Examples of modified nucleotides include, but are not limited to diaminopurine, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xantine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl)uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5′-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl) uracil, (acp3)w, 2,6-diaminopurine and the like. In some cases, nucleotides may include modifications in their phosphate moieties, including modifications to a triphosphate moiety. Non-limiting examples of such modifications include phosphate chains of greater length (e.g., a phosphate chain having, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more phosphate moieties) and modifications with thiol moieties (e.g., alpha-thiotriphosphate and beta-thiotriphosphates).

Nucleic acid molecules may also be modified at the base moiety (e.g., atone or more atoms that typically are available to form a hydrogen bond with a complementary nucleotide and/or at one or more atoms that are not typically capable of forming a hydrogen bond with a complementary nucleotide), sugar moiety or phosphate backbone. Backbone modifications can include, but are not limited to, a phosphorothioate, a phosphorodithioate, a phosphoroselenoate, a phosphorodiselenoate, a phosphoroanilothioate, a phosphoraniladate, a phosphoramidate, and a phosphorodiamidate linkage. A phosphorothioate linkage substitutes a sulfur atom for a non-bridging oxygen in the phosphate backbone and delay nuclease degradation of oligonucleotides. A phosphorodiamidate linkage (N3′→P5′) allows prevents nuclease recognition and degradation. Backbone modifications can also include having peptide bonds instead of phosphorous in the backbone structure (e.g., N-(2-aminoethyl)-glycine units linked by peptide bonds in a peptide nucleic acid), or linking groups including carbamate, amides, and linear and cyclic hydrocarbon groups. Oligonucleotides with modified backbones are reviewed in Micklefield, Backbone modification of nucleic acids: synthesis, structure and therapeutic applications, Curr. Med. Chem., 8 (10): 1157-79, 2001 and Lyer et al., Modified oligonucleotides-synthesis, properties and applications, Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther., 1 (3): 344-358, 1999.

Nucleic acid molecules described herein may contain a sugar moiety that comprises ribose or deoxyribose, as present in naturally occurring nucleotides, or a modified sugar moiety or sugar analog. The examples of modified sugar moieties include, but are not limited to, 2′-O-methyl, 2′-O-methoxyethyl, 2′-O-aminoethyl, 2′-Flouro, N3′→P5′ phosphoramidate, 2′dimethylaminooxyethoxy, 2′ 2 ′ dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy, 2′-guanidinidium, 2′-O-guanidinium ethyl, carbamate modified sugars, and bicyclic modified sugars. 2′-O-methyl or 2′-O-methoxyethyl modifications promote the A-form or RNA-like conformation in oligonucleotides, increase binding affinity to RNA, and have enhanced nuclease resistance. Modified sugar moieties can also include having an extra bridge bond (e.g., a methylene bridge joining the 2′-O and 4′-C atoms of the ribose in a locked nucleic acid) or sugar analog such as a morpholine ring (e.g., as in a phosphorodiamidate morpholino).

Nucleic acid molecules may also contain amine-modified groups, such as amino ally 1-dUTP (aa-dUTP) and aminohexhylacrylamide-dCTP (aha-dCTP) to allow covalent attachment of amine reactive moieties, such as N-hydroxysuccinimide esters (NHS). Alternatives to standard DNA base pairs or RNA base pairs in the oligonucleotides of the present disclosure can provide higher density in bits per cubic mm, higher safety (resistant to accidental or purposeful synthesis of natural toxins), easier discrimination in photo-programmed polymerases, or lower secondary structure. Such alternative base pairs compatible with natural and mutant polymerases for de novo and/or amplification synthesis are described in Betz K, Malyshev D A, Lavergne T, Welte W, Diederichs K, Dwyer T J, Ordoukhanian P, Romesberg F E, Marx A. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2012 July; 8(7):612-4, which is herein incorporated by reference for all purposes.

As used herein, the terms “polypeptide,” “protein,” and “peptide” are used interchangeably and refer to a polymer of amino acid residues linked via peptide bonds and which may be composed of two or more polypeptide chains. The terms “polypeptide,” “protein,” and “peptide” refer to a polymer of at least two amino acid monomers joined together through amide bonds. An amino acid may be the L-optical isomer or the D-optical isomer. More specifically, the terms “polypeptide,” “protein,” and “peptide” refer to a molecule composed of two or more amino acids in a specific order; for example, the order as determined by the base sequence of nucleotides in the gene or RNA coding for the protein. Proteins are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's cells, tissues, and organs, and each protein has unique functions. Examples are hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and any fragments thereof. In some cases, a protein can be a portion of the protein, for example, a domain, a subdomain, or a motif of the protein. In some cases, a protein can be a variant (or mutation) of the protein, wherein one or more amino acid residues are inserted into, deleted from, and/or substituted into the naturally occurring (or at least a known) amino acid sequence of the protein. A protein or a variant thereof can be naturally occurring or recombinant.

Methods for detection and/or measurement of polypeptides in biological material are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to, Western-blotting, flow cytometry, ELISAs, RIAs, and various proteomics techniques. An exemplary method to measure or detect a polypeptide is an immunoassay, such as an ELISA. This type of protein quantitation can be based on an antibody capable of capturing a specific antigen, and a second antibody capable of detecting the captured antigen. Exemplary assays for detection and/or measurement of polypeptides are described in Harlow, E. and Lane, D. Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, (1988), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Methods for detection and/or measurement of RNA in biological material are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to, Northern-blotting, RNA protection assay, RT PCR. Suitable methods are described in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Fourth Edition) By Michael R. Green, Joseph Sambrook, Peter MacCallum 2012, 2,028 pp, ISBN 978-1-936113-42-2.

As used here, a “small molecular weight compound” can be used interchangeably with “small molecule” or “small organic molecule.” Small molecules refer to compounds other than peptides or oligonucleotides; and typically have molecular weights of less than about 2000 Daltons, e.g., less than about 900 Daltons.

A ribonucleoprotein (RNP) refers to a nucleoprotein that contains RNA. A RNP can be a complex of a ribonucleic acid and an RNA-binding protein. Such a combination can also be referred to as a protein-RNA complex. These complexes can function in a number of biological functions that include, but are not limited to, DNA replication, gene expression, metabolism of RNA, and pre-mRNA splicing. Examples of RNPs include the ribosome, the enzyme telomerase, vault ribonucleoproteins, RNase P, heterogeneous nuclear RNPs (hnRNPs) and small nuclear RNPs (snRNPs).

Nascent RNA transcripts from protein-coding genes and mRNA processing intermediates, collectively referred to as pre-mRNA, are generally bound by proteins in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. From the time nascent transcripts first emerge from RNA polymerase (e.g., RNA polymerase II) until mature mRNAs are transported into the cytoplasm, the RNA molecules are associated with an abundant set of splicing complex components (e.g., nuclear proteins and snRNAs). These proteins can be components of hnRNPs, which can contain heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) (e.g., pre-mRNA and nuclear RNA complexes) of various sizes.

Splicing complex components function in splicing and/or splicing regulation. Splicing complex components can include, but are not limited to, ribonuclear proteins (RNPs), splicing proteins, small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs). Splicing complex components include, but are not limited to, those that may be required for splicing, such as constitutive splicing, alternative splicing, regulated splicing, and splicing of specific messages or groups of messages. A group of related proteins, the serine arginine rich proteins (SR proteins), can function in constitutive pre-mRNA splicing and may also regulate alternative splice-site selection in a concentration-dependent manner. SR proteins typically have a modular structure that consists of one or two RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs) and a C-terminal rich in arginine and serine residues (RS domain). Their activity in alternative splicing may be antagonized by members of the hnRNP A/B family of proteins. Splicing complex components can also include proteins that are associated with one or more snRNAs. SR proteins in human include, but are not limited to, SC35, SRp55, SRp40, SRm300, SFRS10, TASR-1, TASR-2, SF2/ASF, 9G8, SRp75, SRp30c, SRp20, and P54/SFRS11. Other splicing complex components in human that can be involved in splice site selection include, but are not limited to, U2 snRNA auxiliary factors (e.g. U2AF65, U2AF35), Urp/U2AF1-RS2, SF1/BBP, CBP80, CBP 20, SF1 and PTB/hnRNP1. hnRNP proteins in humans include, but are not limited to, A1, A2/B1, L, M, K, U, F, H, G, R, I and C1/C2. Human genes encoding hnRNPs include HNRNPA0, HNRNPA1, HNRNPA1L1, HNRNPA1L2, HNRNPA3, HNRNPA2B1, HNRNPAB, HNRNPB1, HNRNPC, HNRNPCL1, HNRNPD, HNRPDL, HNRNPF, HNRNPH1, HNRNPH2, HNRNPH3, HNRNPK, HNRNPL, HNRPLL, HNRNPM, HNRNPR, HNRNPU, HNRNPUL1, HNRNPUL2, HNRNPUL3, and FMR1. Splicing complex components may be stably or transiently associated with a snRNP or with a transcript.

The term “intron” refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and the corresponding sequence in the unprocessed RNA transcript. As part of the RNA processing pathway, introns can be removed by RNA splicing either shortly after or concurrent with transcription. Introns are found in the genes of most organisms and many viruses. They can be located in a wide range of genes, including those that generate proteins, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).

An “exon” can be any part of a gene that encodes apart of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing. The term “exon” refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and to the corresponding sequence in RNA transcripts.

A “spliceosome” can be assembled from snRNAs and protein complexes. The spliceosome can remove introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA.

“Medium effective dose” (ED₅₀) is the dose at which 50% of a population expresses a specified response. “Medium lethal dose” (LD₅₀) is the dose at which 50% of a population dies. “Medium toxic dose” (TD₅₀) is the dose at which 50% of a population expresses a specified toxic effect. One particularly useful pharmacological indicator is the “therapeutic index” which is traditionally defined as the ratio of LDs to ED₅₀ or the ratio of TD₅₀ to ED₅₀. Therapeutic index provides a simple and useful indicator of the benefit versus adverse effect of a drug. Those drugs which have a high therapeutic index have a large therapeutic window, i.e., the drugs may be administered over a wider range of effective doses without incurring significant adverse events. Conversely, drugs having a small therapeutic index have a small therapeutic window (small range of effective doses without incurring significant adverse events).

The term “AUC” as used herein refers to an abbreviation for “area under the curve” in a graph of the concentration of a therapeutic agent over time in a certain part or tissue, such as blood or plasma, of a subject to whom the therapeutic agent has been administered.

The term “C_(max)” as used herein refers to an abbreviation that refers to the maximum observed concentration of a therapeutic agent in a certain part or tissue, such as blood or plasma, of a subject to whom the therapeutic agent has been administered.

The term “T_(max)” is an abbreviation that refers to the time point when the time at which the maximum observed concentration of a therapeutic agent is reached in a certain part or tissue, such as blood or plasma, of a subject to whom the therapeutic agent has been administered.

The term “cryptic exon” can refer to an intronic sequence that may be flanked by apparent consensus splice sites but are generally not spliced into the mature mRNA or the product of splicing. The term “poison exon” can refer to a cryptic exon that contains a premature termination codon (PTC) in the reading frame of the exon when included in an RNA transcript. “Poison exon” can also refer to a cryptic exon inclusion of which in an RNA transcript causes a reading frame shift in downstream exons resulting in a premature stop codon, which was not in frame prior to the frame-shift caused by inclusion of the cryptic exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon is a variant of an existing exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon is an extended form of an existing exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon is a truncated form of an existing exon. The terms “poison exon” and “toxic exon” are used interchangeably in the present invention. The terms “stop codon” and “termination codon” are used interchangeably in the present invention.

A splicing event that promotes inclusion of a poison exon can further promote inclusion of an intron immediately following the poison exon in an RNA transcript. Inclusion of the poison exon and the intron immediately following the poison exon can result in “nuclear retention” of the RNA transcript, e.g., mRNA, wherein the RNA transcript is retained in the nucleus and not transported or exported to the cytoplasm and thus, not translated into a protein.

Small Molecule Splicing Modulators (SMSMs)

It has now been found that compounds of this invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are effective as agents for use in treating, preventing, or ameliorating a disease or a condition associated with a target RNA. The present invention provides the unexpected discovery that certain small chemical molecules can modify splicing events in pre-mRNA molecules, herein referred to as small molecule splicing modulators (SMSMs). These SMSMs can modulate specific splicing events in specific pre-mRNA molecules. These SMSMs can operate by a variety of mechanisms to modify splicing events. For example, the SMSMs of this invention can: 1) interfere with the formation and/or function and/or other properties of splicing complexes, spliceosomes, and/or their components such as hnRNPs, snRNPs, SR-proteins and other splicing factors or elements, resulting in the prevention or induction of a splicing event in a pre-mRNA molecule. As another example; 2) prevent and/or modify post-transcriptional regulation (e.g., splicing) of gene products, such as hnRNPs, snRNPs, SR-proteins and other splicing factors, which can subsequently be involved in the formation and/or function of a spliceosome or splicing complex component; 3) prevent and/or modify phosphorylation, glycosylation and/or other modifications of gene products including, but not limited to, hnRNPs, snRNPs, SR-proteins and other splicing factors, which can subsequently be involved in the formation and/or function of a spliceosome or splicing complex component; 4) bind to and/or otherwise affect specific pre-mRNA so that a specific splicing event is prevented or induced, e.g., via a mechanism that does not involve base-pairing with RNA in a sequence-specific manner. The small molecules of this invention are different from and are not related to antisense or antigene oligonucleotides.

Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of diseases or conditions (e.g., cancer). Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds induce a transcriptionally inactive variant or transcript of a gene product. Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds repress a transcriptionally active variant or transcript of a gene product.

Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds induce a post-transcriptionally inactive variant or transcript of a gene product. Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds repress a post-transcriptionally active variant or transcript of a gene product. Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds induce a post-transcriptionally destabilized variant or transcript of a gene product. Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds cause less expression of a protein encoded by an mRNA derived from a pre-mRNA that the compounds bind. Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds cause less expression of an mRNA derived from a pre-mRNA that the compounds bind, leading to decreased expression of the protein encoded by the mRNA. Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds cause increased expression of an mRNA containing a poison exon derived from a pre-mRNA that compounds bind, leading to decreased expression of the protein encoded by the mRNA. Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds cause nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of an mRNA derived from a pre-mRNA that compounds bind, leading to decreased expression of the protein encoded by the mRNA.

In one aspect, described herein is a compound that has the structure of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:

wherein, each A is independently N or CR^(A); each R^(A) is independently selected from H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR¹, ═O, ═N—OR¹, —SR¹, —S(═O)R¹, —S(═O)₂R¹, —N(R¹)₂, —NR¹S(═O)(═NR¹)R², —NR¹S(═O)₂R², —S(═O)₂N(R¹)₂, —C(═O)R¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —C(═O)OR¹, —OC(═O)OR¹, —C(═O)N(R¹)₂, —OC(═O)N(R¹)₂, —NR¹C(═O)R¹, —P(═O)(R²)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl; ring Q is aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, or fused bicyclic heteroaryl; X is —NR³—, —CR⁴R⁵—, —C(═O)—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or —S(═O)(═NR¹); each R¹ is independently H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each R² is independently H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, —CH₂OR¹, —C(═O)OR¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —C(═O)N(R¹)₂, or —NR¹C(═O)R¹; R³ is —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃—C cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Cr C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl comprises one or more substituents other than —OH, —NH₂, and —CO₂H, wherein substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl comprises at least 2 O atoms, 2 N atoms, or S atom, and wherein substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl comprises at least 1 substituent selected from D, halogen, and —OR¹; R⁴ is D, F, —CN, —OR¹, —SR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkylene-OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁵ is H, D, F, —CN, —OR¹, —SR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkylene-OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; ring G is a group of the Formula

wherein Z is N or CR⁷; and R⁷ is H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl or —CH₂OR¹; a, b, and c are each independently selected from 0, 1, or 2; R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, amino, methoxy, substituted or unsubstituted mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino or substituted or unsubstituted di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; or R and R¹³, taken in combination form a fused 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic ring having 0 or 1 additional ring heteroatoms selected from N, O or S; or R¹¹ and R¹³, taken in combination form a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group; or R¹¹ and R¹⁵, taken in combination form a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group; or R¹¹ and R¹⁷, taken in combination form a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group; or R¹⁶ and R¹⁷, taken in combination form a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group; or R¹⁶ and R¹⁷, taken in combination form a bond; or R¹³ and R¹⁴, taken in combination with the carbon atom to which they attach, form a spirocyclic C. cycloalkyl; or R¹⁶ and R², taken in combination form a double bond; or R¹⁷ and R², taken in combination form a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group; or when Z is CR⁷, then R³ and R⁷ are optionally taken together with the intervening atoms to which they are attached form a 4, 5, or 6-membered ring; or when X is —NR³—, then R³ and R¹⁶ are optionally taken together with the intervening atoms to which they are attached form a 4, 5, or 6-membered ring; or when Z is CR⁷ and X is —CR⁴R⁵—, then R⁷ and R⁵ are optionally taken in combination form a double bond.

For any and all of the embodiments, substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives. For example, in some embodiments, a is 0, 1, or 2. In other embodiments, a is 0. In some other embodiments, a is 1. In some other embodiments, a is 2.

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments, Z is N and X is —NR³—, —CH(CH₂OR¹)—, —CH(OR¹)—, —C(═O)—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or —S(═O)(═NR¹)—. In some embodiments, Z is N. In some embodiments, X is —NR³—. In some embodiments, X is —CH(CH₂OR¹)—. In some embodiments, X is —CH(CH₂OH)—. In some embodiments, X is —CH(CH₂OCH₃)—. In some embodiments, X is —CH(OR¹)—. In some embodiments, X is —CH(OH)—. In some embodiments, X is —CH(OCH₃)—. In some embodiments, X is —C(═O)—. In some embodiments, X is —S(═O)—. In some embodiments, X is —S(═O)₂—. In some embodiments, X is —S(═O)(═NR¹)—.

In some embodiments, R³ is H, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, Z is CR⁷ and X is —C(═O)—, —CH(CH₂OR¹)—, or —CH(OR¹)—. In some embodiments, Z is CR⁷. In some embodiments, X is —C(═O)—. In some embodiments, X is —CH(CH₂OR¹)—. In some embodiments, X is —CH(OR¹)—.

In some embodiments, ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is unsubstituted aryl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl which is substituted with: 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, oxo, oxime, hydroxy, halo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, dihalo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, trihalo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy-C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, halo-C₁₋₆ alkoxy, dihalo-C₁₋₆ alkoxy, trihalo-C₁₋₆ alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, halogen, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with aryl, amino, —C(═O)NH—C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, —NHC(═O)—C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C(═O)NH-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-NHC(═O)-heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 5-7 membered cycloalkenyl, or 5, 6 or 9 membered heterocycle containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently, selected from S, O and N.

In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl which is substituted with two C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, two C₁₋₆ alkyl groups can combine with the atoms to which they are bound to form a 5-6 membered ring.

In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl which is substituted with heteroaryl. In some embodiments, heteroaryl has 5, 6, 9, or 10 ring atoms, 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from oxo, hydroxy, nitro, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-OH, trihalo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, —C(═O)NH₂, —NH₂, —NO₂, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycle-C₁₋₆ alkyl, amino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl which is substituted with a heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_(2_6) alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C_(3_7) cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_(2_8) heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-naphthyl optionally substituted at the 3 position with hydroxy and additionally substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents selected from hydroxy, cyano, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, wherein the alkoxy is unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, —NHC(═O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NHC(═O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylene-4-7 membered heterocycle, 4-7 membered heterocycle, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino.

In some embodiments, ring Q is monocyclic heteroaryl or fused bicyclic heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 5 or 6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl having 1-4 ring nitrogen atoms and which is substituted by phenyl or a heteroaryl having 5 or 6 ring atoms, 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from cyano, C₁₋₆ alkyl, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, amino-C₁₋₆ alkyl and mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 5 membered monocyclic heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C_(3_7) cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a fused bicyclic heteroaryl having 8 to 10 ring atoms, 1, 2, or 3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S, and which is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from cyano, oxime, halogen, hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₄ alkenyl, C₂₄ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 6-5 fused heteroaryl, 6-6 fused heteroaryl, 5-6 fused heteroaryl, 5-5 fused heteroaryl, 7-5 fused heteroaryl, or 5-7 fused heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 6-5 fused heteroaryl, 6-6 fused heteroaryl, or 5-6 fused heteroaryl, selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, X is S.

In some embodiments, X is —NR³—.

In some embodiments, R³ is —OR¹. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₂CH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₂CH₂CH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH(CH₃)₂.

In some embodiments, R³ is substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl comprises one or more substituents other than —OH, —NH₂, and —CO₂H. In some embodiments, R³ is —CD₃.

In some embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R³ is CF₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂F. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂F. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CF₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂CF₃.

In some embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl comprises at least 2 O atoms or S atom. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₂CH₂OCH₃ or —OCH₂CH₂OCF₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂OCH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₂CH₂OCF₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂SCH₃ or —CH₂SCH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂SCH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂SCH₃.

In some embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, or cyclooctyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, or cyclooctenyl.

In some embodiments, X is —NR³— and ring G is

In some embodiments, X is —NR³— and ring G is

In some embodiments, X is —NR³— and ring G is

In some embodiments, X is —NR³— and ring G is

In some embodiments, ring G is

wherein p is 1 or 2. In some embodiments, ring G is

In some embodiments, ring G is

In some embodiments, ring G is

In some embodiments, ring G is

wherein p is 1 or 2. In some embodiments, ring G is

In some embodiments, ring G is

In some embodiments, ring G is

In some embodiments, ring G is

wherein each R^(C) is independently selected from H, D, F, —CN, —OH, —OR¹, —SR¹, —S(═O)R¹, —S(═O)₂R¹, —N(R¹)₂, —CH₂—N(R¹)₂, —NHS(═O)₂R¹, —S(═O)₂N(R¹)₂, —C(═O)R¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —CO₂R¹, —OCO₂R¹, —C(═O)N(R¹)₂, —OC(═O)N(R¹)₂, —NR¹C(═O)N(R¹)₂, —NR¹C(═O)R¹, —NR¹C(═O)OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈ heterocycloalkyl; and q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

In some embodiments, ring G is

In some embodiments

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) is selected from a compound in Table 1A, Table 1B or Table 1C.

In one aspect, described herein is a compound that has the structure of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:

wherein, each A is independently N or CR^(A); each R^(A) is independently selected from H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR¹, ═O, ═N—OR¹, —SR¹, —S(═O)R¹, —S(═O)₂R¹, —N(R¹)₂, —NR¹S(═O)(═NR¹)R², —NR¹S(═O)₂R², —S(═O)₂N(R¹)₂, —C(═O)R¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —C(═O)OR¹, —OC(═O)OR¹, —C(═O)N(R¹)₂, —OC(═O)N(R¹)₂, —NR¹C(═O)R¹, —P(═O)(R²)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl; ring Q is monocyclic aryl, bicyclic aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, or fused bicyclic heteroaryl; X is —O—, —NR³—, —CR⁴R⁵—, —C(═O)—, —C(═C(R²)₂)—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or —S(═O)(═NR¹)—; ring S is fused bicyclic heterocycle; R is selected from the group consisting of H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, amino, substituted or unsubstituted mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, or substituted or unsubstituted di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; each R¹ is independently H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each R² is independently H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, —CH₂OR¹, —C(═O)OR¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —C(═O)N(R¹)₂, or —NR¹C(═O)R¹; R³ is H, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, —CD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁴ is H, D, F, —CN, —OR¹, —SR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkylene-OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁵ is H, D, F, —CN, —OR¹, —SR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkylene-OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or R⁴ and R⁵ taken in combination with the carbon atom to which they attach, form a substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₇ heterocycloalkyl; and wherein the compound of Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 80%.

For any and all of the embodiments, substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives. For example, in some embodiments, a is 0, 1, or 2. In other embodiments, a is 0. In some other embodiments, a is 1. In some other embodiments, a is 2.

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments, X is —O—, —NR³—, —S—, —CR⁴R⁵—, —C(═O)—, or —C(═CR² ₂)—. In some embodiments, X is —O—. In some embodiments, X is —NR³—. In some embodiments, X is —S—. In some embodiments, X is —CR⁴R⁵—. In some embodiments, X is —C(═O)—. In some embodiments, X is —C(═CR² ₂)—.

In some embodiments, X is —CH(CH₂OR¹)— or —CH(OR¹)—. In some embodiments, X is —CH(CH₂OR¹)—.

In some embodiments, X is —CH(OR¹)—.

In some embodiments, R³ is H, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic aryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is substituted monocyclic aryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is unsubstituted monocyclic aryl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl which is substituted with: 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, oxo, oxime, hydroxy, halo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, dihalo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, trihalo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy-C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, halo-C₁₋₆ alkoxy, dihalo-C₁₋₆ alkoxy, trihalo-C₁₋₆ alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, halogen, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with aryl, amino, —C(═O)NH—C_(1_6) alkyl-heteroaryl, —NHC(═O)—C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, C_(1_6) alkyl-C(═O)NH-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-NHC(═O)-heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 5-7 membered cycloalkenyl, or 5, 6 or 9 membered heterocycle containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently, selected from S, O and N.

In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl which is substituted with two C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, two C₁₋₆ alkyl groups can combine with the atoms to which they are bound to form a 5-6 membered ring.

In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl which is substituted with heteroaryl. In some embodiments, heteroaryl has 5, 6, 9, or 10 ring atoms, 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from oxo, hydroxy, nitro, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-OH, trihalo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, —C(═O)NH₂, —NH₂, —NO₂, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycle-C₁₋₆ alkyl, amino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is

wherein ring P is aryl or heteroaryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is

wherein ring P is aryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is

wherein ring P is heteroaryl In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-naphthyl optionally substituted at the 3 position with hydroxy and additionally substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents selected from hydroxy, cyano, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, wherein the alkoxy is unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, —NHC(═O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NHC(═O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylene-4-7 membered heterocycle, 4-7 membered heterocycle, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino.

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

and each R⁶ is independently H, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or two R⁶ are taken together with the N atom to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R⁶ is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R⁶ is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is monocyclic heteroaryl or fused bicyclic heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 5 or 6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl having 1-4 ring nitrogen atoms and which is substituted by phenyl or a heteroaryl having 5 or 6 ring atoms, 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from cyano, C₁₋₆ alkyl, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, amino-C₁₋₆ alkyl and mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 5 membered monocyclic heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a fused bicyclic heteroaryl having 8 to 10 ring atoms, 1, 2, or 3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S, and which is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from cyano, oxime, halogen, hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₄ alkenyl, C₂₄ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 6-5 fused heteroaryl, 6-6 fused heteroaryl, 5-6 fused heteroaryl, 5-5 fused heteroaryl, 7-5 fused heteroaryl, or 5-7 fused heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 6-5 fused heteroaryl, 6-6 fused heteroaryl, or 5-6 fused heteroaryl, selected from the group consisting of:

each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C_(3_7) cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring Q is

and each R⁶ is independently H, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or two R⁶ are taken together with the N atom to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R⁶ is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R⁶ is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is

and each R⁶ is independently H, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or two R⁶ are taken together with the N atom to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R⁶ is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R⁶ is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C₄ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, X is —NR³—.

In some embodiments, R³ is —OR¹. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₂CH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₂CH₂CH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH(CH₃)₂.

In some embodiments, R³ is —CD₃.

In some embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R³ is CF₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂F. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂F. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CF₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂CF₃.

In some embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₂CH₂OCH₃ or —OCH₂CH₂OCF₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂OCH₃.

In some embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, or cyclooctyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, or cyclooctenyl.

In some embodiments,

is

wherein Z is CR⁷, and R⁷ is H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, or —CH₂OR¹.

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

wherein Z is CR⁷, and R⁷ is H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, or —CH₂OR¹.

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

wherein ring R is substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) is not racemic. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) is substantially free of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) is a single isomer substantially free of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) comprises 25% or less of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) comprises 20% or less of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) comprises 15% or less of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) comprises 10% or less of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) comprises 5% or less of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) comprises 1% or less of other isomers.

In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 75%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 80%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 85%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 90%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 95%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 96%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 97%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 98%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) has a stereochemical purity of at least 99%.

In some preferred embodiments, the asymmetric carbon atom (CR⁷) of the compound of Formula (I) is present in enantiomerically enriched form. In certain embodiments, the asymmetric carbon atom (CR⁷) of the compound of Formula (II) has at least 50% enantiomeric excess, at least 60% enantiomeric excess, at least 70% enantiomeric excess, at least 80% enantiomeric excess, at least 90% enantiomeric excess, at least 95% enantiomeric excess, or at least 99% enantiomeric excess in the (S)- or (R)-configuration.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (II) is selected from a compound in Table 1A, Table 1B or Table 1C.

Any combination of the groups described above for the various variables is contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to provide stable moieties and compounds.

In one aspect, described herein is a compound that has the structure of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:

wherein, each A is independently N or CR^(A); each R^(A) is independently selected from H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR¹, ═O, ═N—OR¹, —SR¹, —S(═O)R¹, —S(═O)₂R¹, —N(R¹)₂, —NR¹S(═O)(═NR¹)R², —NR¹S(═O)₂R², —S(═O)₂N(R¹)₂, —C(═O)R¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —C(═O)OR¹, —OC(═O)OR¹, —C(═O)N(R¹)₂, —OC(═O)N(R¹)₂, —NR¹C(═O)R¹, —P(═O)(R²)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl; ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic aryl, substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic aryl, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl, or substituted or unsubstituted fused bicyclic heteroaryl; X is —NR³—, —CR⁴R⁵—, —C(═O)—, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or —S(═O)(═NR¹)—; each R¹ is independently H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each R² is independently H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, —CH₂OR¹, —C(═O)OR¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —C(═O)N(R¹)₂, or —NR¹C(═O)R¹; R³ is —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, —CD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁴ is H, D, F, —CN, —OR¹, —SR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkylene-OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁵ is H, D, F, —CN, —OR¹, —SR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkylene-OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; Z is N or CR⁷; and R⁷ is H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl or —CH₂OR¹; a, b, and c are each independently selected from 0, 1, or 2; R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, amino, methoxy, substituted or unsubstituted mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino or substituted or unsubstituted di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ are each independently selected from H, F, OR¹, and substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; or R¹¹ and R¹³, taken in combination form a bond or substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group; or R¹¹ and R¹⁵, taken in combination form a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group; or R¹¹ and R¹⁷, taken in combination form a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group; or R¹⁶ and R¹⁷, taken in combination form a bond or substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group; or R¹³ and R¹⁴, taken in combination with the carbon atom to which they attach, form a spirocyclic C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; or when Z is CR⁷, then R¹⁶ and R⁷, are optionally taken together with the intervening atoms to which they are attached to form a double bond or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group; or when Z is CR⁷ and X is NR³, then R³ and R⁷ are optionally taken together with the intervening atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group; or when Z is CR⁷ and X is NR³, then R³ and R¹⁶ are optionally taken together with the intervening atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group; or when Z is CR⁷ and X is —CR⁴R⁵—, then R⁷ and R⁵ are optionally taken in combination to form a double bond; and Y is W-L-V, wherein W is —C(═O)—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —S(═O)(═NR¹)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR¹—, —S(═O)NR¹—, or —S(═O)₂NR¹—; L is absent, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroarylene, or a combination thereof; and V is —CN, —OR¹, —SR¹, —S(═O)R¹, —S(═O)₂R¹, —N(R¹)₂, —NR¹S(═O)(═NR¹)R², —NR¹S(═O)₂R², —S(═O)₂N(R¹)₂, —C(═O)R¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —C(═O)OR¹, —OC(═O)OR¹, —C(═O)N(R¹)₂, —OC(═O)N(R¹)₂, —NR¹C(═O)R¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

For any and all of the embodiments, substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives. For example, in some embodiments, a is 0, 1, or 2. In other embodiments, a is 0. In some other embodiments, a is 1. In some other embodiments, a is 2.

In some other embodiments,

is

In some other embodiments,

is

In some other embodiments,

is

In some other embodiments,

is

In some other embodiments,

is

In some embodiments, Z is N. In some embodiments, Z is CR⁷.

In some embodiments, X is —O—, —NR³—, —S—, —CR⁴R⁵—, —C(═O)—, —C(═C(R²)₂)—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or —S(═O)(═NR¹)—. In some embodiments, X is —O—. In some embodiments, X is —NR³—. In some embodiments, X is —S—. In some embodiments, X is —CR⁴R⁵—. In some embodiments, X is —C(═O)—. In some embodiments, X is —C(═C(R²)₂)—. In some embodiments, X is —S(═O)—. In some embodiments, X is —S(═O)₂—. In some embodiments, X is —S(═O)(═NR¹)—.

In some embodiments, X is —CH(CH₂OR¹)— or —CH(OR¹)—. In some embodiments, X is —CH(CH₂OR¹)—.

In some embodiments, X is —CH(OR¹)—.

In some embodiments, R³ is H, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic aryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is substituted monocyclic aryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is unsubstituted monocyclic aryl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl which is substituted with: 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, oxo, oxime, hydroxy, halo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, dihalo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, trihalo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy-C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, halo-C₁₋₆ alkoxy, dihalo-C₁₋₆ alkoxy, trihalo-C₁₋₆ alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, halogen, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with aryl, amino, —C(═O)NH—C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, —NHC(═O)—C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C(═O)NH-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-NHC(═O)-heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 5-7 membered cycloalkenyl, or 5, 6 or 9 membered heterocycle containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently, selected from S, O and N.

In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl which is substituted with two C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, two C₁₋₆ alkyl groups can combine with the atoms to which they are bound to form a 5-6 membered ring.

In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl which is substituted with heteroaryl. In some embodiments, heteroaryl has 5, 6, 9, or 10 ring atoms, 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from oxo, hydroxy, nitro, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₃_₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-OH, trihalo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, —C(═O)NH₂, —NH₂, —NO₂, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycle-C₁₋₆ alkyl, amino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is

wherein ring P is aryl or heteroaryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is

wherein ring P is aryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is

wherein ring P is heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is

wherein ring P is heteroaryl, wherein the heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃_₇ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-naphthyl optionally substituted at the 3 position with hydroxy and additionally substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents selected from hydroxy, cyano, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, wherein the alkoxy is unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, —NHC(═O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NHC(═O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylene-4-7 membered heterocycle, 4-7 membered heterocycle, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino.

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

and each R⁶ is independently H, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or two R⁶ are taken together with the N atom to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R⁶ is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R⁶ is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is monocyclic heteroaryl or fused bicyclic heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 5 or 6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl having 1-4 ring nitrogen atoms and which is substituted by phenyl or a heteroaryl having 5 or 6 ring atoms, 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from cyano, C₁_₆ alkyl, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, amino-C₁₋₆ alkyl and mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 5 membered monocyclic heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃_₇ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃_₇ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a fused bicyclic heteroaryl having 8 to 10 ring atoms, 1, 2, or 3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S, and which is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from cyano, oxime, halogen, hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₄ alkenyl, C₂₄ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 6-5 fused heteroaryl, 6-6 fused heteroaryl, 5-6 fused heteroaryl, 5-5 fused heteroaryl, 7-5 fused heteroaryl, or 5-7 fused heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 6-5 fused heteroaryl, 6-6 fused heteroaryl, or 5-6 fused heteroaryl, selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆alkylamino; and m is 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring Q is

and each R⁶ is independently H, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or two R^(d) ar taken together with the N atom to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R⁶ is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁—C alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R⁶ is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, Z is CR⁷ and X is-NR³—, —CR⁴R⁵, —C(═O)—, —S—, or —O—. In some embodiments, Z is CR⁷ and X is-NR³—. In some embodiments, Z is CR⁷ and X is —CR⁴R⁵—. In some embodiments, Z is CR⁷ and X is —C(═O)—. In some embodiments, Z is CR⁷ and X is —S—. In some embodiments, Z is CR⁷ and X is —O—.

In some embodiments, Z is CR⁷ and X is-NR³—.

In some embodiments, each R⁷ is independently H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, or —CH₂OR¹.

In some embodiments, R³ is —OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R³ is —OR¹. In some embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R³ is —CD₃.

In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopropyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclobutyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopentyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclohexyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cycloheptyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclooctyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopentenyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclohexenyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cycloheptenyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclooctenyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is —CF₃, —CH₂CH₂F, —CH₂CF₃, or —CH₂CH₂CH₂F. In some embodiments, R³ is —CF₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂F. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CF₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂F.

In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₂CH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₂CH₂OH. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂OCH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₂CH₂OCH₃.

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments, p is 1 or 2. In some embodiments, p is 1. In some embodiments, p is 2.

In some embodiments,

is

wherein each R^(C) is independently selected from D, F, —CN, —OH, —OR¹, —SR¹, —S(═O)R¹, —S(═O)₂R¹, —N(R¹)₂, —CH₂—N(R¹)₂, —NHS(═O)₂R¹, —S(═O)₂N(R¹)₂, —C(═O)R¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —CO₂R¹, —OCO₂R¹, —C(═O)N(R¹)₂, —OC(═O)N(R¹)₂, —NR¹C(═O)N(R¹)₂, —NR¹C(═O)R¹, —NR¹C(═O)OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈ heterocycloalkyl; and q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments, Y is —C(═O)(CH₂)_(y)NH₂, —S(═O)(CH₂)_(y)NH₂, or —S(═O)₂(CH₂)_(y)NH₂, wherein y is 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, Y is —C(═O)NH₂. In some embodiments, Y is —C(═O)CH₂NH₂. In some embodiments, Y is —C(═O)CH₂CH₂NH₂. In some embodiments, Y is —S(═O)NH₂. In some embodiments, Y is —S(═O)CH₂NH₂. In some embodiments, Y is —S(═O)CH₂CH₂NH₂. In some embodiments, Y is —S(═O)₂NH₂. In some embodiments, Y is —S(═O)₂CH₂NH₂. In some embodiments, Y is —S(═O)₂CH₂CH₂NH₂.

In some embodiments, Y is —C(═O)(CH₂)_(y)CH═CH₂ or —C(═O)(CH₂)_(y)C≡CH, wherein y is 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, Y is —C(═O)CH═CH₂. In some embodiments, Y is —C(═O)CH₂CH═CH₂. In some embodiments, Y is —C(═O)CH₂CH₂CH═CH₂. In some embodiments, Y is —C(═O)CH═CH₂. In some embodiments, Y is —C(═O)CH₂CH═CH₂. In some embodiments, Y is —C(═O)CH₂CH₂CH═CH₂.

In some embodiments, Y is

In some embodiments, Y is

In some embodiments Y is

In some embodiments, Y is

wherein y is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments, Y is

In some embodiments, Y is

In some embodiments, Y is

In some embodiments, Y is

wherein y is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments, In some embodiments, Y is

In some embodiments, In some embodiments, Y is

In some embodiments, Y is

In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (III) is selected from a compound in Table 1A, Table 1B or Table 1C.

In one aspect, described herein is a compound that has the structure of Formula (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:

wherein, each A is independently N or CR^(A); each R^(A) is independently selected from H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR¹, ═O, ═N—OR¹, —SR¹, —S(═O)R¹, —S(═O)₂R¹, —N(R¹)₂, —NR¹S(═O)(═NR¹)R², —NR¹S(═O)₂R², —S(═O)₂N(R¹)₂, —C(═O)R¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —C(═O)OR¹, —OC(═O)OR¹, —C(═O)N(R¹)₂, —OC(═O)N(R¹)₂, —NR¹C(═O)R¹, —P(═O)(R²)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl; ring Q is monocyclic aryl, bicyclic aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, or fused bicyclic heteroaryl; X is —O—, —NR³—, —CR⁴R⁵—, —C(═O)—, —C(═CR² ₂)—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or —S(═O)(═NR¹)—; each R¹ is independently H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each R² is independently H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, —CH₂OR¹, —C(═O)OR¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —C(═O)N(R¹)₂, or —NR¹C(═O)R¹; R³ is H, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, —CD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁴ is H, D, F, —CN, —OR¹, —SR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkylene-OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁵ is H, D, F, —CN, —OR¹, —SR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkylene-OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or R⁴ and R⁵ taken in combination with the carbon atom to which they attach, form a substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₇ heterocycloalkyl; Z is CR⁷; and R⁷ is H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl or —CH₂OR¹; W is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄alkenylene, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄heteroalkylene; R is selected from the group consisting of H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁_₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, amino, substituted or unsubstituted mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, or substituted or unsubstituted di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, and R¹⁸ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, amino, methoxy, substituted or unsubstituted mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino or substituted or unsubstituted di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; R¹¹ and R¹³, taken in combination form a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₃ heteroalkylene group; or

-   -   R¹¹ and R¹⁵, taken in combination form a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group; or         R¹⁶ and R¹⁷, taken in combination form a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group; or         R¹³ and R¹⁴, taken in combination with the carbon atom to which         they attach, form a spirocyclic C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; or         R¹⁷ and R², taken in combination form a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group; or         when X is —NR³—, then R³ and R² are optionally taken together         with the intervening atoms to which they are attached to form a         4, 5, or 6-membered ring; or         when X is —NR³—, then R³ and R¹⁶ are optionally taken together         with the intervening atoms to which they are attached to form a         4, 5, or 6-membered ring;         a and b are each independently selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3;         c and d are each independently selected from 1, 2, 3, or 4; and         wherein the compound of Formula (IV) has a stereochemical purity         of at least 80%.

For any and all of the embodiments, substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives. For example, in some embodiments, a is 0, 1, or 2. In other embodiments, a is 0. In some other embodiments, a is 1. In some other embodiments, a is 2.

In some embodiments, W is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C₄ alkylene.

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments, X is —O—, —NR³—, —S—, —CR⁴R⁵—, —C(═O)—, or —C(═CR² ₂)—. In some embodiments, X is —O—, —NR³—, or —C(═O)—. In some embodiments, X is —O—. In some embodiments, X is —NR³—. In some embodiments, X is —S—. In some embodiments, X is —CR⁴R⁵—. In some embodiments, X is —C(═O)—. In some embodiments, X is —C(═CR² ₂)—.

In some embodiments, X is —CH(CH₂OR¹)— or —CH(OR¹)—. In some embodiments, X is —CH(CH₂OR¹)—.

In some embodiments, X is —CH(OR¹)—.

In some embodiments, R³ is H, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic aryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is substituted monocyclic aryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is unsubstituted monocyclic aryl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl which is substituted with: 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, oxo, oxime, hydroxy, halo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, dihalo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, trihalo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy-C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, halo-C₁₋₆ alkoxy, dihalo-C₁₋₆ alkoxy, trihalo-C₁₋₆ alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, halogen, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with aryl, amino, —C(═O)NH—C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, —NHC(═O)—C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C(═O)NH-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-NHC(═O)-heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 5-7 membered cycloalkenyl, or 5, 6 or 9 membered heterocycle containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently, selected from S, O and N.

In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl which is substituted with two C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, two C₁₋₆ alkyl groups can combine with the atoms to which they are bound to form a 5-6 membered ring.

In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl which is substituted with heteroaryl. In some embodiments, heteroaryl has 5, 6, 9, or 10 ring atoms, 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from oxo, hydroxy, nitro, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₃_₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-OH, trihalo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, —C(═O)NH₂, —NH₂, —NO₂, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycle-C₁₋₆ alkyl, amino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is

wherein ring P is aryl or heteroaryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is

wherein ring P is aryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is

wherein ring P is aryl or heteroaryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is

wherein ring P is aryl or heteroaryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is

wherein ring P is aryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is

wherein ring P is heteroaryl. In some embodiments, ring P is heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein

each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_(2_8) heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring P is heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments, ring P is heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments, ring P is heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments, ring P is heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-naphthyl optionally substituted at the 3 position with hydroxy and additionally substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents selected from hydroxy, cyano, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, wherein the alkoxy is unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, —NHC(═O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NHC(═O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylene-4-7 membered heterocycle, 4-7 membered heterocycle, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino.

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

and each R⁶ is independently H, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or two R⁶ are taken together with the N atom to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R⁶ is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R⁶ is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C₄ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is monocyclic heteroaryl or fused bicyclic heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 5 or 6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl having 1-4 ring nitrogen atoms and which is substituted by phenyl or a heteroaryl having 5 or 6 ring atoms, 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from cyano, C₁₋₆ alkyl, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, amino-C₁₋₆ alkyl and mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 5 membered monocyclic heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃_₇ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃_₇ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a fused bicyclic heteroaryl having 8 to 10 ring atoms, 1, 2, or 3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S, and which is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from cyano, oxime, halogen, hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₄ alkenyl, C₂₄ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 6-5 fused heteroaryl, 6-6 fused heteroaryl, 5-6 fused heteroaryl, 5-5 fused heteroaryl, 7-5 fused heteroaryl, or 5-7 fused heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 6-5 fused heteroaryl, 6-6 fused heteroaryl, or 5-6 fused heteroaryl, selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C_(3_7) cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring Q is

and each R⁶ is independently H, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or two R⁶ are taken together with the N atom to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R⁶ is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R⁶ is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C₄ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, X is —NR³—.

In some embodiments, R³ is —OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is —OR¹. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH₂CH₂OH or —OCH₂CH₂OCH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₂CH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₂CH₂CH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH(CH₃)₂. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCD₃.

In some embodiments, R³ is —CD₃.

In some embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R³ is CF₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂F. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂F. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CF₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂CF₃.

In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₃ or —CF₃.

In some embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₂CH₂OCH₃ or —OCH₂CH₂OCF₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂OCH₃.

In some embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, or cyclooctyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopropyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclobutyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopentyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclohexyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, or cyclooctenyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopentenyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclohexenyl.

In some embodiments,

is

wherein p is 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments,

is

wherein p is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, R is H; R¹⁵ and R¹⁸ are H; and p is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, R is H; R¹⁵ and R¹⁸ are H; and p is 2. In some embodiments, R is H; R¹⁵ and R¹⁸ are H; and p is 3. In some embodiments, R is H; R¹⁵ and R¹⁸ are CH₃; and p is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, R is H; R¹⁵ and R¹⁸ are CH₃; and p is 2. In some embodiments, R is H; R¹⁵ and R¹⁸ are CH₃; and p is 3.

In some preferred embodiments, X is in equatorial position of

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some preferred embodiments, X is in equatorial position of

In some other preferred embodiments,

has a structure of

In some preferred embodiments, X is in equatorial position of

In some other preferred embodiments,

has a structure of

In some preferred embodiments, X is in equatorial position of

In some other preferred embodiments,

has a structure of

In some preferred embodiments,

is

In some preferred embodiments, X is in equatorial position of

In some embodiments,

is

wherein R¹⁹ is H, D, —CN, —OH, —OR¹, —SR¹, —S(═O)R¹, —S(═O)₂R¹, —CH₂—N(R¹)₂, —S(═O)₂N(R¹)₂, —C(═O)R¹, —CO₂R¹, —C(═O)N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈ heterocycloalkyl.

In some preferred embodiments, X is in equatorial position of

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IV) is not racemic. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (IV) is substantially free of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (IV) is substantially free of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (IV) comprises 25% or less of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (IV) comprises 20% or less of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (IV) comprises 15% or less of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (IV) comprises 10% or less of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (IV) comprises 5% or less of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (IV) comprises 1% or less of other isomers.

In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (IV) has a stereochemical purity of at least 75%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (IV) has a stereochemical purity of at least 80%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (IV) has a stereochemical purity of at least 85%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (IV) has a stereochemical purity of at least 90%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (IV) has a stereochemical purity of at least 95%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (IV) has a stereochemical purity of at least 96%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (IV) has a stereochemical purity of at least 97%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (IV) has a stereochemical purity of at least 98%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (IV) has a stereochemical purity of at least 99%.

In some preferred embodiments, the asymmetric carbon atom (CR⁷) of the compound of Formula (IV) is present in enantiomerically enriched form. In certain embodiments, the asymmetric carbon atom (CR⁷) of the compound of Formula (IV) has at least 50% enantiomeric excess, at least 60% enantiomeric excess, at least 70% enantiomeric excess, at least 80% enantiomeric excess, at least 90% enantiomeric excess, at least 95% enantiomeric excess, or at least 99% enantiomeric excess in the (S)- or (R)-configuration.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (IV) is selected from a compound in Table 1A, Table 1B or Table 1C.

In another aspect, described herein is a compound that has the structure of Formula (V), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:

wherein, each A is independently N or CR^(A); each R^(A) is independently selected from H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR¹, ═O, ═N—OR¹, —SR¹, —S(═O)R¹, —S(═O)₂R¹, —N(R¹)₂, —NR¹S(═O)(═NR¹)R², —NR¹S(═O)₂R², —S(═O)₂N(R¹)₂, —C(═O)R¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —C(═O)OR¹, —OC(═O)OR¹, —C(═O)N(R¹)₂, —OC(═O)N(R¹)₂, —NR¹C(═O)R¹, —P(═O)(R²)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl; ring Q is monocyclic aryl, bicyclic aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, or fused bicyclic heteroaryl; X is —O—, —NR³—, —CR⁴R⁵—, —C(═O)—, —C(═CR² ₂)—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or —S(═O)(═NR¹)—; each R¹ is independently H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each R² is independently H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, —CH₂OR¹, —C(═O)OR¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —C(═O)N(R¹)₂, or —NR¹C(═O)R¹; R³ is H, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, —CD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁴ is H, D, F, —CN, —OR¹, —SR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkylene-OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁵ is H, D, F, —CN, —OR¹, —SR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkylene-OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or R⁴ and R⁵ taken in combination with the carbon atom to which they attach, form a substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₇ heterocycloalkyl; Z is CR⁷; and R⁷ is H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl or —CH₂OR¹; W is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C₄alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄alkenylene, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄heteroalkylene; R is selected from the group consisting of H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, amino, substituted or unsubstituted mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, or substituted or unsubstituted di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, and R¹⁸ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted with hydroxy, amino, methoxy, substituted or unsubstituted mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino or substituted or unsubstituted di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; R¹¹ and R¹³, taken in combination form a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₃ heteroalkylene group; or R¹¹ and R¹⁵, taken in combination form a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group; or R¹⁶ and R¹⁷, taken in combination form a substituted or unsubstituted C_(1_3) alkylene group; or R¹³ and R¹⁴, taken in combination with the carbon atom to which they attach, form a spirocyclic C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; or R¹⁷ and R², taken in combination form a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkylene group; or when X is —NR³—, then R³ and R² are optionally taken together with the intervening atoms to which they are attached to form a 4, 5, or 6-membered ring; or when X is —NR³—, then R³ and R¹⁶ are optionally taken together with the intervening atoms to which they are attached to form a 4, 5, or 6-membered ring; a, b, and e are each independently selected from 0, 1, or 2; and wherein the compound of Formula (V) has a stereochemical purity of at least 80%.

For any and all of the embodiments, substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives. For example, in some embodiments, a is 0, 1, or 2. In other embodiments, a is 0. In some other embodiments, a is 1. In some other embodiments, a is 2.

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments, X is —O—, —NR³—, —S—, —CR⁴R⁵—, —C(═O)—, or —C(═CR² ₂)—. In some embodiments, X is —O—. In some embodiments, X is —NR³—. In some embodiments, X is —S—. In some embodiments, X is —CR⁴R⁵—. In some embodiments, X is —C(═O)—. In some embodiments, X is —C(═CR² ₂)—.

In some embodiments, X is —CH(CH₂OR¹)— or —CH(OR¹)—. In some embodiments, X is —CH(CH₂OR¹)—. In some embodiments, X is —CH(OR¹)—.

In some embodiments, R³ is H, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic aryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is substituted monocyclic aryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is unsubstituted monocyclic aryl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl which is substituted with: 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, oxo, oxime, hydroxy, halo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, dihalo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, trihalo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy-C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, halo-C₁₋₆ alkoxy, dihalo-C₁₋₆ alkoxy, trihalo-C₁₋₆ alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, halogen, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with aryl, amino, —C(═O)NH—C₁_₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, —NHC(═O)—C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C(═O)NH-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-NHC(═O)-heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 5-7 membered cycloalkenyl, or 5, 6 or 9 membered heterocycle containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently, selected from S, O and N.

In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl which is substituted with two C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, two C₁₋₆ alkyl groups can combine with the atoms to which they are bound to form a 5-6 membered ring.

In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-hydroxy-phenyl which is substituted with heteroaryl. In some embodiments, heteroaryl has 5, 6, 9, or 10 ring atoms, 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from oxo, hydroxy, nitro, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₃_₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-OH, trihalo-C₁₋₆ alkyl, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, —C(═O)NH₂, —NH₂, —NO₂, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycle-C₁₋₆ alkyl, amino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is

wherein ring P is aryl or heteroaryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is

wherein ring P is aryl. In some embodiments, ring Q is

wherein ring P is heteroaryl In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C_(3_7) cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is 2-naphthyl optionally substituted at the 3 position with hydroxy and additionally substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents selected from hydroxy, cyano, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, wherein the alkoxy is unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, —NHC(═O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NHC(═O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylene-4-7 membered heterocycle, 4-7 membered heterocycle, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino.

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

In some embodiments, ring Q is

and each R⁶ is independently H, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or two R⁶ are taken together with the N atom to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R⁶ is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R⁶ is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C₄ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is monocyclic heteroaryl or fused bicyclic heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 5 or 6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl having 1-4 ring nitrogen atoms and which is substituted by phenyl or a heteroaryl having 5 or 6 ring atoms, 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from cyano, C1_s alkyl, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, hydroxy-C₁-s alkyl, amino-C₁₋₆ alkyl and mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 5 membered monocyclic heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃_₇ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a fused bicyclic heteroaryl having 8 to 10 ring atoms, 1, 2, or 3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S, and which is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently selected from cyano, oxime, halogen, hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₄ alkenyl, C₂₄ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino, and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 6-5 fused heteroaryl, 6-6 fused heteroaryl, 5-6 fused heteroaryl, 5-5 fused heteroaryl, 7-5 fused heteroaryl, or 5-7 fused heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, ring Q is a 6-5 fused heteroaryl, 6-6 fused heteroaryl, or 5-6 fused heteroaryl, selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R^(B) is independently selected from cyano, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OCH₃, —OCD₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy-heteroaryl, and C₁₋₆ alkoxy substituted with hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁₋₆ alkylamino and di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino; and m is 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, ring Q is

and each R⁶ is independently H, —OR¹, —N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or two R⁶ are taken together with the N atom to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R⁶ is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R⁶ is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, X is —NR³—.

In some embodiments, R³ is —OR¹, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is —OR¹. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH₂CH₂OH or —OCH₂CH₂OCH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₂CH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₂CH₂CH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH(CH₃)₂. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCD₃.

In some embodiments, R³ is —CD₃.

In some embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R³ is CF₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂F. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂F. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CF₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂CF₃.

In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₃ or —CF₃.

In some embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R³ is —OCH₂CH₂OCH₃ or —OCH₂CH₂OCF₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₂CH₂OCH₃.

In some embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, or cyclooctyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopropyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclobutyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopentyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclohexyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, or cyclooctenyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclopentenyl. In some embodiments, R³ is cyclohexenyl.

In some embodiments,

is

wherein p is 1, 2, or 3.

In some preferred embodiments, X is in equatorial position of

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some preferred embodiments, X is in equatorial position of

In some other preferred embodiments,

has a structure of

In some embodiments,

is

wherein p is 1, 2, or 3.

In some preferred embodiments, X is in equatorial position of

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

In some embodiments,

is

wherein W is —CH₂OCH₂—.

In some preferred embodiments, X is in equatorial position of

wherein W is —CH₂OCH₂—.

In some embodiments,

is

wherein W is —CH₂N(R¹⁹)CH₂—, wherein R¹⁹ is H, D, —CN, —OH, —OR¹, —SR¹, —S(═O)R¹, —S(═O)₂R¹, —CH₂—N(R¹)₂, —S(═O)₂N(R¹)₂, —C(═O)R¹, —CO₂R¹, —C(═O)N(R¹)₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈ heterocycloalkyl.

In some preferred embodiments, X is in equatorial position of

wherein W is —CH₂N(R¹⁹)CH₂—.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (V) is not racemic. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (V) is substantially free of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (V) is a single isomer substantially free of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (V) comprises 25% or less of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (V) comprises 20% or less of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (V) comprises 15% or less of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (V) comprises 10% or less of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (V) comprises 5% or less of other isomers. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (V) comprises 1% or less of other isomers.

In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (V) has a stereochemical purity of at least 75%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (V) has a stereochemical purity of at least 80%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (V) has a stereochemical purity of at least 85%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (V) has a stereochemical purity of at least 90%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (V) has a stereochemical purity of at least 95%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (V) has a stereochemical purity of at least 96%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (V) has a stereochemical purity of at least 97%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (V) has a stereochemical purity of at least 98%. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (V) has a stereochemical purity of at least 99%.

In some embodiments, the asymmetric carbon atom (CR⁷) of the compound of Formula (V) is present in enantiomerically enriched form. In certain embodiments, the asymmetric carbon atom (CR⁷) of the compound of Formula (V) has at least 50% enantiomeric excess, at least 60% enantiomeric excess, at least 70% enantiomeric excess, at least 80% enantiomeric excess, at least 90% enantiomeric excess, at least 95% enantiomeric excess, or at least 99% enantiomeric excess in the (S)- or (R)-configuration.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (V) is selected from a compound in Table 1A, Table 1B or Table 1C

Any combination of the groups described above for the various variables is contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to provide stable moieties and compounds.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV) or (V) is selected from:

-   (6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(piperazin-1-yl)methanone; -   2-(6-(piperidin-4-ylthio)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   (3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3-yl)(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)methanone; -   2-(6-((6-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3-yl)(2-fluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   (3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)methanone; -   2-(6-((8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(2-fluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(octahydro-1,6-naphthyridin-1(2H)-yl)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(methoxy(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(hydroxy(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   (6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(3,3,5,5-tetramethylpiperazin-1-yl)methanone; -   (6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)methanone; -   5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(6-((2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)thio)pyridazin-3-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-((2-methoxyethoxy(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(6-((2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-ylidene)methyl)pyridazin-3-yl)phenol; -   5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(6-((2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)trifluoromethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-((2-fluoroethyl)(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(6-((2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-((3-fluoropropyl)(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(6-((2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)phenol; -   3-(6-((2-fluoroethyl)(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-7-methoxynaphthalen-2-ol; -   2-(6-((2-fluoroethyl)(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-((2-fluoroethyl)(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-((2-fluoroethyl)(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5-methyloxazol-2-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-((2-fluoroethyl)(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol; -   5-(4-(6-((2-fluoroethyl)(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one; -   5-(4-(6-((2-fluoroethyl)(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one; -   2-(6-((2-methoxyethoxy)(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5-methyloxazol-2-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-amino-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-amino-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-amino-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)phenol; -   3-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-7-methoxynaphthalen-2-ol; -   3-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)naphthalene-2,7-diol; -   6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)isoquinolin-7-ol; -   6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-1-methylisoquinolin-7-ol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)thio)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   ((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)methanone; -   2-(6-(1-((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)vinyl)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5-methyloxazol-2-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-amino-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-amino-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-amino-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)phenol; -   3-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-7-methoxynaphthalen-2-ol; -   3-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)naphthalene-2,7-diol; -   6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)isoquinolin-7-ol; -   6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-1-methylisoquinolin-7-ol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-2,3-difluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro-5-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one; -   5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-2,3-difluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one; -   2-(6-(cyclopropyl((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(cyclopropyl((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro-5-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(2-fluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(2-fluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(2-fluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(2-fluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-(2-(methoxy-d3)pyridin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro-5-(2-(methoxy-d3)pyridin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-(6-(methoxy-d3)pyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro-5-(6-(methoxy-d3)pyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl-d3)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-(2-(methoxy-d3)pyridin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl-d3)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro-5-(2-(methoxy-d3)pyridin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl-d3)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-(6-(methoxy-d3)pyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl-d3)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro-5-(6-(methoxy-d3)pyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(1,2,3-triazin-5-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro-5-(1,2,3-triazin-5-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-(1,2,3-triazin-5-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro-5-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(cyclopropyl((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(cyclopropyl((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(cyclopropyl((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(2-fluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(2-fluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(2-fluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-2-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-2,3-difluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-2-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-2,3-difluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-4-fluoropyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-5-fluoropyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-4-fluoropyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-5-fluoropyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   7-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-6-hydroxy-N-methylisoquinoline-3-carboxamide; -   7-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-6-hydroxy-N-methylisoquinoline-3-carboxamide; -   6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-7-hydroxy-N-methylquinoline-2-carboxamide; -   6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-1-fluoro-7-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-naphthamide; -   6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-7-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-naphthamide; -   6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-7-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-naphthamide; -   6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-1-fluoro-7-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-naphthamide; -   2-(6-(cyclopropyl(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(cyclobutyl(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(octahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-1-yl)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(1,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-1-yl)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-((2-methoxyethyl)(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(5-(methyl(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyrimidin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(5-(methyl(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(5-(methyl(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyrazin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,5S,6s)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-6-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3R,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3R,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(methyl((3R,5r,6S)-octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-5-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(methyl((3R,5s,6S)-octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-5-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,5S,8s)-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,5S,8r)-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,4R,5S)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-5-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1S,4S,5R)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-5-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,4R,5R)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-5-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1S,4S,5S)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-5-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3R,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3R,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,5S,7r)-3-oxa-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,5S,7s)-3-oxa-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,5S,7r)-1,5-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,5S,7s)-1,5-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,5S,7s)-3-oxa-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,5S,7r)-3-oxa-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)quinolin-7-ol; -   3-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-7-methoxynaphthalen-2-ol; -   6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-hydroxy-3-methylbenzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one; -   3-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-7-(fluoromethoxy)naphthalen-2-ol; -   3-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-7-(difluoromethoxy)naphthalen-2-ol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-2-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1-(methyl-d3)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(2-(methoxy-d3)pyridin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1-(fluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-fluoro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-fluoro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenol; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   5-(1-(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)phenol; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyrimidin-2(1H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-methyl-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-2-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one; -   5-(2-(difluoromethoxy)pyridin-4-yl)-2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(fluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one; -   6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-hydroxy-N-methylbenzofuran-2-carboxamide; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(2-fluoro-6-methoxypyridin-4-yl)phenol; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-fluoropyridin-2-ol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   5-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-6-hydroxy-N-methylbenzofuran-2-carboxamide; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-2-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(fluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one; -   6-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylpyrimidin-4(3H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carbonitrile; -   1-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carbonitrile; -   1-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-2-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carbonitrile; -   6-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-2-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylpyrimidin-4(3H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)picolinonitrile; -   1-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(ethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(ethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   1-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile; -   5-(2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl)-2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(6-(methoxy-d3)pyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(6-(methoxy-d3)pyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(2-fluoro-6-(methoxy-d3)pyridin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(2-fluoro-6-(methoxy-d3)pyridin-4-yl)phenol; -   4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3′-methoxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-ol; -   4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4′-fluoro-3′-methoxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-ol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5-methoxypyridin-3-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(6-fluoro-5-methoxypyridin-3-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl-d3)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(2-methyloxazol-5-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(3-methylisoxazol-5-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(2-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(2,4-dimethyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5-methyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)phenol; -   5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(6-methylpyridazin-3-yl)phenol; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(3-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(2-methyloxazol-5-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(3-methylisoxazol-5-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5-methyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)phenol; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one; -   5-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-6-hydroxy-N-methylbenzofuran-2-carboxamide; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-2-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(fluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-2-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   6-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylpyrimidin-4(3H)-one; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(6-(methoxy-d3)pyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(6-(methoxy-d3)pyridazin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(2-methyloxazol-5-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(2-methyloxazol-5-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3R,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenol; -   5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one; -   5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(methyl-d3)pyridazin-3(2H)-one; -   5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(methyl-d3)pyridazin-3(2H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(methyl-d3)pyridin-2(1H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-2-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-2-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1-(methyl-d3)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)phenol; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1,6-dimethylpyridin-2(1H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(fluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one; -   4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3′-methoxy-4′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-ol; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one; -   6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-hydroxy-N-methylbenzofuran-2-carboxamide; -   6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethylbenzofuran-2-carboxamide; -   6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-N-cyclopropyl-5-hydroxybenzofuran-2-carboxamide; -   5-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-6-hydroxy-N-methylbenzofuran-2-carboxamide; -   5-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-6-hydroxy-N,N-dimethylbenzofuran-2-carboxamide; -   5-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-N-cyclopropyl-6-hydroxybenzofuran-2-carboxamide; -   6-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylpyrimidin-4(3H)-one; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1-(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(cyclopropyl((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(2-(methyl-d3)oxazol-5-yl)phenol; -   2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5-(2-(methyl-d3)oxazol-5-yl)phenol; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyrimidin-2(1H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one; -   4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-2-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one; -   5-(2-(difluoromethoxy)pyridin-4-yl)-2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)phenol; -   3-amino-1-(4-(cyclopropyl(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazine-3-carbonyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)thio)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-((1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)oxy)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)oxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-((1R,5S)-6-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-(cyclobutyl(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methoxy)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(1-(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)octahydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-5-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(1-(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)octahydro-1,6-naphthyridin-6(2H)-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(1-(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)-1,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-7-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)thio)piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)oxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(2-methoxyethoxy)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)methylene)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazine-3-carbonyl)piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-(hydroxy(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)methyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methoxy)methyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazine-3-carbonyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperazin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(trifluoromethyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((2-fluoroethyl)(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((3-fluoropropyl)(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(2-methoxyethyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-((1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)oxy)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-((1R,3R,5S)-3-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)oxy)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-((1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-((1R,3R,5S)-3-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(3-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)oxy)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((5-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyrazin-2-yl)(methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((5-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyrazin-2-yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((5-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyrazin-2-yl)oxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   3-amino-1-(4-((2-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyrimidin-5-yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   5-(4-(5-((1-(3-aminopropanoyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)(methyl)amino)pyrazin-2-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one; -   1-(4-((4-(5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-aminopropan-1-one; -   2′-(4-((1-(3-aminopropanoyl)piperidin-4-yl)(methyl)amino)-2-hydroxyphenyl)-[5,5′-bipyrimidin]-2(1H)-one; -   (E)-3-(4-aminophenyl)-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one; -   3-(4-aminophenyl)-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one; -   1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)-2-(piperidin-4-yl)ethan-1-one; -   4-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-carbonyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylic     acid; -   1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)-2-(2-(methylamino)ethoxy)ethan-1-one; -   4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-N-(3-(methylamino)propyl)piperidine-1-carboxamide; -   (4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)(piperidin-4-yl)methanone; -   1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)-2-(methyl(2-(methylamino)ethyl)amino)ethan-1-one; -   2-(azetidin-3-yl)-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)ethan-1-one; -   1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)pent-4-yn-1-one.

Exemplary SMSM compounds are summarized in Table 1A-Table 1F.

TABLE 1A Exemplary SMSM compounds SMSM# Structure Name  1

(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(piperazin- 1-yl)methanone  2

2-(6-(piperidin-4-ylthio)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  3

(3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3- yl)(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)methanone  4

2-(6-46-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3- yl)(2-fluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  5

(3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)methanone  6

2-(6-((8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(2-fluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  7

2-(6-(octahydro-1,6-naphthyridin- 1(2H)-yl)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  8

2-(6-(methoxy(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  9

2-(6-(hydroxy(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)methyl)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  10

(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(3,3,5,5- tetramethylpiperazin-1- yl)methanone  11

(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl) (2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)methanone  12

5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(6-((2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)thio)pyridazin-3-yl)phenol  13

2-(6-((2-methoxyethoxy)(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  14

5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(6-((2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- ylidene)methyl)pyridazin-3- yl)phenol  15

5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(6-((2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)(trifluoromethyl)amino)pyridazin- 3-yl)phenol  16

2-(6-((2-fluoroethyl)(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  17

5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(6-((2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)(2,2,2- trifluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)phenol  18

2-(6-((3-fluoropropyl)(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  19

5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(6-((2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)(3,3,3- trifluoropropyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)phenol  20

3-(6-((2-fluoroethyl)(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-7- methoxynaphthalen-2-ol  21

2-(6-((2-fluoroethyl)(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1- methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  22

2-(6-((2-fluoroethyl)(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5- methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  23

2-(6-((2-fluoroethyl)(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5- methyloxazol-2-yl)phenol  24

2-(6-((2-fluoroethyl)(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-1-yl)phenol  25

5-(4-(6-((2-fluoroethyl)(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- hydroxyphenyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one  26

5-(4-(6-((2-fluoroethyl)(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one  27

2-(6-((2-methoxyethoxy)(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)methyl)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  28

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  29

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5- methyloxazol-2-yl)phenol  30

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-methyl- 1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenol  31

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- imidazol-1-yl)phenol  32

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(3-methyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  33

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1-methyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  34

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-1-yl)phenol  35

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- hydroxyphenyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one  36

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin- 2(1H)-one  37

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-amino- 1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol  38

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-amino- 5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol  39

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4-amino- 3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol  40

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5-methyl- 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol  41

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5-methyl- 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)phenol  42

3-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-7- methoxynaphthalen-2-ol  43

3-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)naphthalene- 2,7-diol  44

6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)isoquinolin-7- ol  45

6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-1- methylisoquinolin-7-ol  46

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  47

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)thio)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  48

((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(6-(2- hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)methanone  49

2-(6-(1-((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)vinyl)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  50

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (5-methyloxazol-2-yl)phenol  51

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (4-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenol  52

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenol  53

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  54

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  55

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol  56

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- hydroxyphenyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one  57

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin- 2(1H)-one  58

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (4-amino-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol  59

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (4-amino-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1- yl)phenol  60

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (4-amino-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1- yl)phenol  61

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2- yl)phenol  62

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl)phenol  63

3-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-7- methoxynaphthalen-2-ol  64

3-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)naphthalene-2,7-diol  65

6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)isoquinolin-7-ol  66

6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-1- methylisoquinolin-7-ol  67

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  68

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)- 3,4-difluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenol  69

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl- 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1- methylpyridin-2(1H)-one  70

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl- 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)- 2,3-difluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1- methylpyridin-2(1H)-one  71

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- fluoro-5-(2-methoxypyridin-4- yl)phenol  72

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)- 3,4-difluoro-5-(2-methoxypyridin-4- yl)phenol  73

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4- yl)phenol  74

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)- 3,4-difluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin- 4-yl)phenol  75

5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl- 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-2- methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one  76

5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl- 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)- 2,3-difluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-2- methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one  77

2-(6-(cyclopropyl((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan- 3-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro- 5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol  78

2-(6-(cyclopropyl((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan- 3-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4- difluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4- yl)phenol  79

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4- yl)phenol  80

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)- 3,4-difluoro-5-(6- methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)phenol  81

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(2- fluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  82

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(2- fluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4- fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  83

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(2- fluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  84

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(2- fluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)- 3,4-difluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenol  85

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- fluoro-5-(2-(methoxy-d3)pyridin-4- yl)phenol  86

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)- 3,4-difluoro-5-(2-(methoxy- d3)pyridin-4-yl)phenol  87

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- fluoro-5-(6-(methoxy-d3)pyridazin- 4-yl)phenol  88

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)- 3,4-difluoro-5-(6-(methoxy- d3)pyridazin-4-yl)phenol  89

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl- d3)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro- 5-(2-(methoxy-d3)pyridin-4- yl)phenol  90

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl- d3)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4- difluoro-5-(2-(methoxy-d3)pyridin- 4-yl)phenol  91

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl- d3)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro- 5-(6-(methoxy-d3)pyridazin-4- yl)phenol  92

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)(methyl- d3)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4- difluoro-5-(6-(methoxy- d3)pyridazin-4-yl)phenol  93

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- fluoro-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenol  94

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)- 3,4-difluoro-5-(1-methyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol  95

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4- fluoro-5-(1,2,3-triazin-5-yl)phenol  96

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)- 3,4-difluoro-5-(1,2,3-triazin-5- yl)phenol  97

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- fluoro-5-(1,2,3-triazin-5-yl)phenol  98

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4- fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4- yl)phenol  99

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)- 3,4-difluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin- 4-yl)phenol 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4- yl)phenol 101

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)- 3,4-difluoro-5-(6- methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)phenol 102

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4- yl)phenol 103

2-(6-(cyclopropyl((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan- 3-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro- 5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol 104

2-(6-(cyclopropyl((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan- 3-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4- difluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4- yl)phenol 105

2-(6-(cyclopropyl((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan- 3-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro- 5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol 106

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(2- fluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4- fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4- yl)phenol 107

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(2- fluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)- 3,4-difluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin- 4-yl)phenol 108

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)(2- fluoroethyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- fluoro-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4- yl)phenol 109

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5- (6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol 110

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro- 5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol 111

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5- (6-methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol 112

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl- 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-2-fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin- 2(1H)-one 113

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl- 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-2,3-difluoro- 5-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin- 2(1H)-one 114

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl- 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-3-fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpyridin- 2(1H)-one 115

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl- 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-2- fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1- methylpyridin-2(1H)-one 116

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl- 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)- 2,3-difluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1- methylpyridin-2(1H)-one 117

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl- 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-1- methylpyridin-2(1H)-one 118

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)-4- fluoropyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5- (1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol 119

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)-5- fluoropyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5- (1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol 120

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)-4- fluoropyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5- (1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol 121

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)-5- fluoropyridazin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-5- (1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol 122

7-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-6- hydroxy-N-methylisoquinoline-3- carboxamide 123

7-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-6- hydroxy-N-methylisoquinoline-3- carboxamide 124

6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-7- hydroxy-N-methylquinoline-2- carboxamide 125

6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-1- fluoro-7-hydroxy-N-methyl-2- naphthamide 126

6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- fluoro-7-hydroxy-N-methyl-2- naphthamide 127

6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-3- fluoro-7-hydroxy-N-methyl-2- naphthamide 128

6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-1- fluoro-7-hydroxy-N-methyl-2- naphthamide

TABLE 1B Exemplary SMSM compounds A-673 Splice Splice SMSM IC₅₀ EC₅₀ IC₅₀ M + H # (nM)^(A) (nM)^(B) (nM)^(C) Structure Name Proton NMR (MS) 129 251- 500

2-(6-(cyclopropyl(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.79 (s, 1H), 12.99 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 8.23-7.96 (m, 2H), 7.85 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.16 (m, 2H), 5.04-4.72 (m, 1H), 2.62-2.53 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.61 (m, 4H), 1.23 (s, ₆ h), 1.09 (s, ₆ h), 1.03-0.94 (m, 2H), 0.70-0.59 (m, 2H). 433.2 130 >1000 >1000 >1000

2-(6-(cyclobutyl(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.06 (d, J = 10 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (s, 2H), 7.78-7.74 (m, 1H), 7.32 (d, J = 10 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (s, 2H), 4.47-4.29 (m, 2H), 2.48-2.32 (m, 4H), 2.29-2.16 (m, 2H), 1.90-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.64 (m, 2H), 1.38 (s, ₆ h), 1.26 (s, ₆ h). 447.2 131 >1000 101- 250 251- 500

2-(6-(octahydro-1H- pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-1- yl)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.11 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (s, 2H), 7.64 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.08 (m, 2H), 4.35-4.31 (m, 1H), 3.70-3.20 (m, 5H), 3.04-2.98 (m, 1H), 2.80-1.70 (m, ₇ h). 363.2 132 >1000

2-(6-(1,7- diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-1- yl)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.27 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (s, 2H), 7.72 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.7 Hz 1H) 7.23 (q J = 4.0 Hz, 2H), 4.20-4.17 (m, 2H), 3.55-3.52 (m, 2H), 3.18-3.08 (m, 2H), 2.92-2.84 (m, 2H), 2.52 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.24-2.21 (m, 2H). 363.2 133 >1000 501- 1000 >1000

2-(6-((2- methoxyethyl)(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.06 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (s, 2H), 7.75 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.13 (m, 2H), 5.07-4.96 (m, 1H), 3.72-3.56 (m, 4H), 3.40 (s, ₃ h), 1.87-1.69 (m, 4H), 1.46 (s, ₆ h), 1.31 (s, ₆ h). 451.3 134 >1000 >1000 >1000

2-(5-(methyl(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)amino)pyrimidin-2-yl)-5- (1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.46 (s, 2H), 8.28 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (s, 2H), 7.20-7.10 (m, 2H), 4.26-4.23 (m, 1H), 2.92 (s, ₃ h), 1.76-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.57-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.39 (s, ₆ h), 1.25 (s, ₆ h). 407.4 135 >1000 >1000 >1000

2-(5-(methyl(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)amino)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.17 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (s, 2H), 7.93 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (dd, J = 9.2, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s , 1H), 4.26-4.23 (m, 1H), 2.90 (s, ₃ h), 1.77-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.53 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, ₆ h), 1.32 (s, 1H), 1.27 (s, ₆ h). 406.1 136 501- 1000 101- 250 251- 500

2-(5-(methyl(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)amino)pyrazin-2-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.72 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (s, 2H), 7.70 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.09-7.02 (m, 1H), 7.01 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (t, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (s, ₃ h), 1.61-1.44 (m, 4H), 1.30 (s, ₆ h), 1.16 (s, ₆ h). 407.3 137 >1000 >1000 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,5S,6s)-3- azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-6- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.78 (s, 1H), 12.99 (s, 1H), 8.34-7.95 (m, 4H), 7.83 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (s, 2H), 3.17 (s, ₃ h), 3.11 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 2H), 2.77 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 2H), 2.54-2.51 (m, 1H), 1.76 (s, 2H). 349.1 138 10- 100 10- 100 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.12 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (s, 2H), 7.77 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 5.23-5.07 (m, 1H), 3.88-3.86 (m, 2H), 3.02 (s, ₃ h), 2.14-2.00 (m, ₆ h), 1.83-1.81 (m, 2H). 377.2 139 >1000 >1000 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,3R,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.99 (s, 2H), 7.72-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.60 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.07 (m, ₃ h), 3.91-3.81 (m, ₃ h), 3.71 (s, ₃ h), 2.68-2.58 (m, 2H), 2.34-2.17 (m, 2H), 2.03-1.94 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.75 (m, 2H). 377.2 140 101- 250 10- 100 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.28 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (s, 2H), 7.82 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.19 (m, ₃ h), 5.61-5.57 (m, 1H), 3.68 (s, 2H), 2.34-2.31 (m, 2H), 1.95 (s, 4H), 1.80-1.74 (m, 2H). 364.2 141 >1000 >1000 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,3R,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol 1H HMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.32 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (s, 2H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 2H), 5.53-5.50 (m, 1H), 3.57 (s, 2H), 2.23-2.09 (m, ₆ h), 1.96-1.82 (m, 2H). 364.0 142 >1000 251- 500 501- 1000

2-(6-(methyl((3R,5r,6S)- octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol- yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.09 (d, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (s, 2H), 7.76 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.17 (m, 2H), 4.77-4.70 (m, 1H), 3.08 (s, ₃ h), 2.97-2.71 (m, ₆ h), 2.18-2.03 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.51 (m, 2H). 377.2 143 >1000 251- 500 501- 1000

2-(6-(methyl((3R,5s,6S)- octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol- 5-yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.11 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (s, 2H), 7.79-7.75 (m, 1H), 7.39 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J = 7 2 Hz, 2H), 5.07-4.99 (m, 1H), 3.31-3.25 (m, 2H), 3.05 (s, ₃ h), 2.87-2.81 (m, 2H), 2.78-2.72 (m, 2H), 2.10-2.00 (m, 2H), 1.81-1.73 (m, 2H). 377.2 144 501- 1000 >1000 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,5S,8s)-3- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.87 (s, 1H), 12.98 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (s, 2H), 7.83 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.16 (m, 2H), 3.93 (s, 1H), 3.11 (s, ₃ h), 2.88-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.72-2.65 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 2H), 1.80-1.63 (m, 4H). 377.2 145 >1000 >1000 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,5S,8r)-3- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.74 (s, 1H), 12.99 (s, 1H), 8.29 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (s, ₃ h), 7.89 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.19 (m, 2H), 3.69-3.63 (m, 1H), 3.19 (s, ₃ h), 2.93-2.86 (m, 2H), 2.71 (s, 2H), 2.47-2.40 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.71 (m, 4H). 377.2 146 >1000 101- 250 251- 500

2-(6-(((1R,4R,5S)-2- azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-5- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.15 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (s, 2H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.15 (m, 2H), 4.41-4.39 (m, 1H), 3.77 (s, 1H), 3.23 (s, ₃ h), 3.22-3.97 (m, ₃ h), 2.33-1.77 (m, 4H). 363.1 147 >1000 101- 250 251- 500

2-(6-(((1S,4S,5R)-2- azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-5- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.15 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (s, 2H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.15 (m, 2H), 4.41-4.38 (m, 1H), 3.78 (s, 1H), 3.22 (s, ₃ h), 3.22-3.97 (m, ₃ h), 2.33-1.78 (m, 4H). 363.1 148 >1000 >1000 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,4R,5R)-2- azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-5- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.09 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (s, 2H), 7.75 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.20-7.19 (m, 2H), 4.41-4.39 (m, 1H), 3.87 (s, 1H), 3.14 (s, ₃ h), 3.11-2.83 (m, ₃ h), 2.41-1.77 (m, 4H). 363.1 149 >1000 251- 500 >1000

2-(6-(((1S,4S,5S)-2- azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-5- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.09 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (s, 2H), 7.75 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.20-7.19 (m, 2H), 4.41-4.39 (m, 1H), 3.87 (s, 1H), 3.14 (s, ₃ h), 3.11-2.83 (m, ₃ h), 2.41-1.77 (m, 4H). 363.1 150 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,3R,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol 1H HMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.83 (s, 1H), 12.99 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, ₃ h), 7.84 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.09 (m, 2H), 4.93-4.88 (m, 1H), 2.93 (s, ₃ h), 1.84-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.51 (m, ₆ h), 1.19 (s, ₆ h). 405.2 151 <10 <10 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.87 (s, 1H), 12.99 (s, 1H), 8.20-7.95 (m, 2H), 7.83 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.05 (m, 2H), 4.91-4.88 (m, 1H), 2.92 (s, ₃ h), 1.86-1.64 (m, 4H), 1.58-1.50 (m, 4H), 1.24 (s, ₆ h). 405.2 152 101- 250 10- 100 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.04 (s, 2H), 8.44 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (s, 2H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.20 (m, 2H), 5.54-5.44 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.11 (m, 2H), 1.91 (s, 1H), 1.80-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.37 (t, J = 11.3 Hz, 2H), 1.18 (s, ₆ h). 392.2 153 >1000 >1000 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,3R,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.27 (s, 1H), 13.02 (s, 1H), 8.45 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (s, 2H), 7.93 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.14 (m, 2H), 5.61-5.46 (m, 1H), 2.13-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.93-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.52-1.41 (m, 2H), 1.13 (s, ₆ h). 392.2 154 10- 100 10- 100 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,5S,7r)-3-oxa-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol 1H HMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.86 (s, 1H), 13.00 (s, 1H), 8.23-8.18 (m, ₃ h), 7.82 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.32-7.04 (m, ₃ h), 5.81 (s, 1H), 3.81 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 2H), 3.73 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 2H), 2.94 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 4H), 2.31 (s, 1H), 2.06-1.91 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.72 (m, 2H). 393.2 155 >1000 >1000 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,5S,7s)-3-oxa-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol 1H HMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.90 (s, 1H), 12.98 (s, 1H), 8.27-8.21 (m, 2H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.10 (m, 2H), 4.75 (s, 1H), 3.57-3.51 (m, 4H), 3.09-2.94 (m, 5H), 2.58 (s, 1H), 2.00-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.72 (m, 2H). 393.2 156 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,5S,7r)-1,5- dimethyl-3-oxa-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.86 (s, 1H), 12.97 (s, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.08 (m, ₃ h), 5.90-5.82 (m, 1H), 3.70 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 2H), 3.15 (d, J = 8.7 Hz 2H) 2.91 (s, ₃ h), 1.90-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.50 (m, 2H), 0.91 (s, ₆ h). 421.3 157 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,5S,7s)-1,5- dimethyl-3-oxa-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.88 (s, 1H), 12.98 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.85 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.05 (m, 2H), 4.65-4.61 (m, 1H), 3.36 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 2H), 2.99 (s, ₃ h), 2.97 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 2H), 1.72-1.76 (m 2H), 1.45-1.41 (m, 2H), 0.96 (s, ₆ h). 421.3 158 >1000 >1000 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,5S,7s)-3-oxa-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 13.32 (s, 1H), 13.02 (s, 1H), 8.44 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (s, 2H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.11 (m, 2H), 5.47-5.43 (m, 1H), 3.58-3.53 (m, 4H), 3.02 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 2.43 (s, 2H), 2.37 (s, 1H), 1.76-1.64 (m, 2H). 380.2 159 501- 1000 251- 500 501- 1000

2-(6-(((1R,5S,7r)-3-oxa-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 13.29 (s, 1H), 13.03 (s, 1H), 8.44 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (s, 2H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.15 (m, 2H), 6.27 (s, 1H), 3.73-3.66 (m, 4H), 3.00 (s, 2H), 2.42-2.25 (m, ₃ h), 1.86-1.81 (m, 2H). 380.2 160 <10 <10 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.82 (s, 1H), 12.98 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (s, 2H), 7.83 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H) 7.21 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J = 8.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.71-5.56 (m, 1H), 3.21-3.13 (m, 2H), 2.92 (s, ₃ h), 2.05-1.91 (m, ₃ h), 1.85-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.59 (m, 5H). 391.2 161 <10 <10 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-4-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.48 (s, 1H), 13.14 (s, 1H), 8.24 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (s, 2H), 7.84 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d., J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 5.06-4.95 (m, 1H), 3.87 (s, 2H), 2.97 (s, 311), 2.09-1.84 (m, ₆ h), 1.74-1.64 (m, 2H). 395.2 162 251- 500

6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)quinolin-7-ol ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.73-8.67 (m, 1H), 8.31-8.24 (m, 2H), 8.18 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.34-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.26 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 5.18-5.04 (m, 1H), 3.73-3.64 (m, 2H), 2.99 (s, ₃ h), 2.03-1.91 (m, ₆ h), 1.75-1.68 (m, 2H). 362.2 163 101- 250

3-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-7-methoxynaphthalen-2-ol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.30 (s, 1H), 8.44 (s, 1H), 8.35 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.12 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.12-5.08 (m, 1H), 4.13-4.09 (m, 2H), 3.86 (s, ₃ h), 3.01 (s, ₃ h), 2.25-3.21 (m, 2H), 2.10-2.05 (m, 4H), 1.81-1.77 (m, 2H). 391.1 164 251- 500 10- 100 10- 100

6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-hydroxy-3- methylbenzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)- one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 14.25 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 5.00-4.88 (m, 1H), 3.77 (s, 2H), 3.41 (s, ₃ h), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 2.02-1.82 (m, ₆ h), 1.69-1.59 (m, 2H). 382.2 165 10- 100

3-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-7- (fluoromethoxy)naphthalen-2- ol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.31 (s, 8.78 (s, 1H), 8.51 (s, 1H), 8.36 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (s, 1H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 7.11 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 5.98 (d, J = 54.3 Hz, 2H), 5.12-5.08 (m, 1H), 4.15-4.11 (m, 2H), 2.99 (s, ₃ h), 2.26-1.96 (m, ₆ h), 1.83-1.80 (m, 2H). 409.1 166 501- 1000

3-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-7- (difluoromethoxy)naphthalen- 2-ol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.54 (s, 1H), 8.34 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.54-7.35 (m, ₃ h), 7.30 (s, 1H), 7.15-7.13 (m, 1H), 6.98 (t, J = 74.5 Hz, 1H), 5.05-5.01 (m, 1H), 3.83-3.79 (m, 2H), 2.99 (s, ₃ h), 2.14-1.82 (m, ₆ h), 1.69-1.65 (m, 2H). 427.1 167 <10 <10 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-4-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.56 (s, 1H), 13.14 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (s, 2H), 7.81 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 5.00-4.87 (m, 1H), 2.93 (s, ₃ h), 1.83-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.39 (m, ₆ h), 1.17 (s, ₆ h). 423.3 168 <10 >1000 <10

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1- methylpyridin-2(1H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.75 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7 38 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.22 (m, 2H), 6.70 (s, 1H), 6.61 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 3.46 (s, ₃ h), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 1.88-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.61-1.42 (m, ₆ h), 1.23 (s, ₆ h). 446.3 169 <10 >1000 <10

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-2-fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl)methylpyridin- 2(1H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.50 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 6.45 (dt, J = 7.1, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.07-4.77 (m, 1H), 3.46 (s, ₃ h), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 1.85-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.43 (m, ₆ h), 1.18 (s, ₆ h). 464.2 170 <10 <10 <10

5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2- methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.40 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.12 (m, 4H), 4.95 (s, 1H), 3.68 (s, ₃ h), 2.92 (s, ₃ h), 1.86-1.811 (m, ₃ h), 1.56-1.51 (m, ₆ h), 1.17 (s, ₆ h). 447.3 171 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(l-(methyl-d3)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.25-8.13 (m, 2H), 7.91 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H) 7.36 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.19-7.11 (m, 2H), 4.97-4.89 (m, 1H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 1.92-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.58 (m, ₆ h ), 1.25 (s, ₆ h). 422.3 172 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(2-(methoxy-d3)pyridin- 4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.87 (s, 1H), 8.28-8.19 (m, 2H), 8.02-7.95 (m, 1H), 7.42-7.30 (m, 4H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 5.01-4.85 (m, 1H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 1.87-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.57-1.44 (m, ₆ h), 1.17 (s, ₆ h). 449.3 173 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(2-methoxypyridin-4- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.87 (s, 1H), 8.27-8.23 (m, 2H), 8.00 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.25 (m, 4H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 3.90 (s, ₃ h), 2.95 (3, ₃ h), 1.82 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.59-1.53 (m, ₆ h), 1.18 (s, ₆ h). 446.2 174 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1-(fluoromethyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.78 (s, 1H), 9.11 (s, 1H), 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.58 (s, 1H), 8.27 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J = 16.5 Hz, 2H), 6.17 (d, J = 53.5 Hz, 2H), 5.12-5.08 (m, 1H), 2.99 (s, ₃ h), 2.18 (m, 2H), 2.10-1.98 (m, 2H), 1.93-1.76 (m, 4H), 1.44 (s, ₆ h). 437.2 175 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(4-fluoro-1H-pyrazol-1- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 14.04 (s, 1H), 8.77 (d, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H), 8.27 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d, J = 4.2 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.33 (m, 2H), 5.06 (s, 1H), 3.00 (s, ₃ h), 2.21-1.97 (m, 4H), 1.93-1.70 (m, 4H), 1.43 (s, ₆ h). 423.3 176 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(4-fluoro-1H-imidazol- 1-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.25 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 8.02 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 1.86-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.42 (m, ₆ h), 1.17 (s, ₆ h). 423.3 177 10- 100 <10 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol- 1-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.21-8.26 (m, 2H), 7.99 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 7.19-7.21 (m, 2H), 5.06-5.09 (m, 1H), 2.97 (s, ₃ h), 2.16-2.21 (m, ₇ h), 1.81-2.01 (m, 4H), 1.43 (s, ₆ h). 420.2 178 251- 500

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-hydroxy-2- methylphenyl)-1- methylpyridin-2(1H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.39 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (s, 1H), 7.74 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (s, 1H) 6.32 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H; 6.25 (dd, J = 6.9, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.00-4.89 (m, 1H), 3.47 (s, ₃ h), 2.93 (s, ₃ h), 2.25 (s, ₃ h), 1.84-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.46 (m, ₆ h), 1.17 (s, ₆ h). 460.3 179 10- 100

5-(1-(difluoromethyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(6- (((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.92 (s, 1H), 8.79 (s, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.23 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (t, J = 59.5 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.25 (m, 2H), 5.03-4.81 (m, 1H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 1.90-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.48 (m, ₆ h), 1.21 (s, ₆ h). 455.3 180 101- 250 10- 100 10- 100

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1- methylpyrimidin-2(1H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.72 (s, 1H), 8.29-8.25 (m, 2H), 8.02 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.38-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.10 (m, 1H), 4.96 (s, 1H), 3.47 (s, ₃ h), 2.95 (s, ₃ h), 1.85-1.76 (m, ₃ h), 1.54-1.48 (m, ₆ h), 1.17 (s, ₆ h). 447.3 181 251- 500

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1- methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)- one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.83 (s, 1H), 8.27 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J = 7 5 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.05-4.87 (m, 1H), 3.43 (s, ₃ h), 2.95 (s, ₃ h), 1.91-1.75 (m, ₃ h), 1.57-1.47 (m, ₆ h), 1.17 (s, ₆ h). 448.2 182 10- 100 <10 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-4-methyl-5-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.37 (s, 1H), 13.01 (s, 1H), 8.19 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (s, 2H), 7.73 (s, 1H), 7.34 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (s, 1H), 5.00-4.92 (m, 1H), 2.93 (s, ₃ h), 2.38 (s, ₃ h), 1.84-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.42 (m, ₆ h), 1.17 (s, ₆ h). 419.2 183 10- 100

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- hydroxypheny1)pyridin- 2(1H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.81 (s, 1H), 11.88 (s, 1H), 8.24 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 7 38 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.18 (m, 2H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 6.54 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 1.86-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.52 (m, ₆ h), 1.18 (s, ₆ h). 432.3 184 10- 100

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-2-fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl)pyridin-2(1H)- one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.48 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d, J = 6:9 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 6.39 (dt, J = 6.9, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.00-4.89 (m, 1H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 1.85-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.39 (m, ₆ h), 1.17 (s, ₆ h). 450.2 185 501- 1000

5-(2- (difluoromethoxy)pyridin-4- yl)-2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.94 (s, 1H), 8.33 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 8.28 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (t, J = 73.5 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J = 5.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.34 (m, 4H), 4.95-4.94 (m, 1H), 2.95 (s, ₃ h), 1.92-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.47 (m, ₆ h), 1.20 (s, ₆ h). 482.1 186 >1000 10- 100 101- 250

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1-(trifluoromethyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.97 (s, 1H), 9.06 (s, 1H), 8.54 (s, 1H), 8.26 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.33 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (s, 1H), 2.95 (s, ₃ h), 1.98-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.67-1.54 (m, ₆ h), 1.23 (s, ₆ h). 473.2 187 10- 100 <10 <10

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1- (fluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)- one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.88 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.01-7.95 (m, 1H), 7.90 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 735-7-27 (m, 2H), 6.81 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (dd, J = 7.3, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.98 (d, J = 51.1 Hz, 2H), 5.01-4.87 (m, 1H), 2.95 (s, ₃ h), 1.88-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.61-1.43 (m, ₆ h), 1.18 (s, ₆ h). 464.1 188 10- 100 <10 10- 100

6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-hydroxy-N- methylbenzofuran-2- carboxamide ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.35 (s, 1H), 8.63 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 8.28 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.45-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 2.95 (s, ₃ h), 2.80 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 3 h), 1.91-1.73 (m, ₃ h), 1.57-1.42 (m, ₆ h), 1.17 (s, ₆ h). 436.3 189 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(2-fluoro-6- methoxypyridin-4-yl)phenol 1H HMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.90 (s, 1H), 8.28 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.44-7.36 (m, 3H), 7.14 (s, 2H), 5.03-4.91 (m, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.96 (s, 3H), 1.97-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.50 (m, 6H), 1.23 (s, 6H). 464.3 190 101- 250

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-6- fluoropyridin-2-ol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.86 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.28 (m, 2H), 6.88-6.78 (m, 2H), 5.02-4.88 (m, 1H), 2.95 (s, ₃ h), 1.89-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.50 (m, ₆ h), 1.20 (s, ₆ h). 450.2 191 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.34 (s, 1H), 8.30 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.48 (s, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.00-4.87 (m, 1H), 4.08 (s, ₃ h), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 1.88-1.76 (m, ₃ h), 1.57-1.44 (m, ₆ h), 1.17 (s, ₆ h). 447.3 192 10- 100 <10 <10

5-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-6-hydroxy-N- methylbenzofuran-2- carboxamide ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.559-8.56 (m, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.24 (d, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J = 0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 4.94-4.90 (m, 1H), 2.95 (s, ₃ h), 2.79 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 3 h), 1.83-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.54-1.49 (m, J = 15.2, 7.8 Hz, ₆ h), 1.18 (d, J = 10.6 Hz, ₆ h). 436.3 193 <10

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-2-fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl)-1- (fluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)- one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.45 (s, 1H), 8.29 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H) 7.14 (d J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.59-6.51 (m, 1H), 5.99 (d, J = 50.8 Hz, 2H), 5.16-4.89 (m, 1H), 2.99 (s, ₃ h), 2.07-1.61 (m, ₈ h), 1.32 (s, ₆ h). 482.2 194 10- 100

6-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-3- methylpyrimidin-((3H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.67 (s, 1H), 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.26 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.64-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.40 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (s, 1H), 5.06-4.88 (m, 1H), 3.44 (s, ₃ h), 2.96 (s, ₃ h), 2.03-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.53 (m, ₆ h), 1.32-1.18 (m, ₆ h). 447.2 195 501- 1000

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1- methyl-1H-pyrrole-2- carbonitrile ¹H HMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.85 (s, 1H), 8.19 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J = 10.3 Hz, 2H), 4.99-4.85 (m, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 2.983 (s, 3H), 1.86-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.49 (m, 6H), 1.17 (s, 6H). 443.3 196 251- 500

1-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1H- imidazole-4-carbonitrile ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.83 (s, 1H), 8.62 (s, 1H), 8.24 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.15 (m, 2H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 1.93-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.42 (m, ₆ h), 1.17 (s, ₆ h). 430.0 197 >1000

1-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-2-fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl)-1H- imidazole-4-carbonitrile ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.00 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 8.44 (s, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.75 (d, J = 13.7 Hz, 1H) 6.90 (d, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H), 6.21 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 5.06-4.91 (m, 1H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 1.81-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.52-1.45 (m, 6H), 1.16 (s, 6H). 448.2 198 <10

6-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-2-fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl)-3- methylpyriimidin-((3H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.51 (s, 1H), 8.14 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.73-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.33 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 5.19-5.11 (m, 1H), 3.59 (s, 3H), 3.03 (s, 3H), 2.08-2.02 (m, 2H), 1.78-1.65 (m, 6H), 1.33 (s, 6H). 465.4 199 10- 100

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3- hydroxyphenyl)picolinonitrile 1H HMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.70 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 8.61-8.55 (m, 1H), 8.29 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.99-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.14-7.07 (m, 2H), 6.99 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.04-4.89 (m, 1H), 2.89 (s, 3H), 1.83-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.46 (m, 6H), 1.17 (s, 6H). 441.0 200 101- 250

1-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1H- pyrazole-4-carbonitrile ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.40 (s, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.24 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.57-7.24 (m, ₃ h), 4.93 (s, 1H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 1.88-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.36 (m, ₆ h), 1.17 (s, ₆ h). 430.0 201 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(ethyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.81 (s, 1H), 12.98 (s, 1H), 8.22-7.98 (m, 3H), 7.82 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.15 (m, 2H), 4.98-4.83 (m, 1H), 3.48-3.44 (m, 2H), 1.93-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.49 (m, 6H), 1.21 (s, 6H), 1.14 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 419.0 202 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(ethyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-4-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.56 (s, 1H), 13.14 (s, 1H), 8.18 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (s, 2H), 7.80 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.24 (m, 2H), 4.98-4.79 (m, 1H), 3.51-3.43 (m, 2H), 1.84-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.43 (m, 6H), 1.21-1.10 (m, 9H). 437.0 203 10- 100

1-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1H- pyrrole-3-carbonitrile ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 14.2 (s, 1H), 8.35-8.32 (m, 1H), 8.25 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.67-7.63 (m, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.20 (m, 1H), 6.76-6.69 (m, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 2.94 (s, 3H), 1.83-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.54-1.45 (m, 6H), 1.17 (s, 6H). 429.2 204 100- 500

5-(2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl)-2- (6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5-dimethyl- 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.32 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (s, 2H), 7.51-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.37 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.02-4.89 (m, 1H), 2.94 (s, 3H), 1.89-1.75 (m, 3H), 1.56-1.45 (m, 6H), 1.17 (s, 6H). 452.2 205 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(6-(methoxy- d3)pyridazin-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 14.00 (s, 1H), 9.35 (s, 1H), 8.40-8.18 (m, 1H), 8.12-7.94 (m, 1H), 7.66-7.23 (m, 4H), 5.09-4.81 (m, 1H), 2.95 (s, ₃ h), 1.86-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.43 (m, ₆ h), 1.17 (s, ₆ h). 450.3 206 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-4-fluoro-5-(6-(methoxy- d3)pyridazin-4-yl)phenol ¹H HMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.21-9.01 (m, 1H), 8.48-8.29 (m, 1H), 8.02-7.78 (m, 1H), 7.44-7.07 (m, 3H), 5.06-4.79 (m, 1H), 2.93 (s, 3H), 1.87-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.43 (m, 6H), 1.17 (s, 6H). 468.2 207 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(2-fluoro-6-(methoxy- d3)pyridin-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.88 (s, 1H), 8.29 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.36 (m, 3H), 7.13 (s, 2H), 5.06-4.95 (m, 1H), 2.97 (s, 3H), 2.04-1.90 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.52 (m, 6H), 1.28 (s, 6H). 467.3 208 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-4-fluoro-5-(2-fluoro-6- (methoxy-d3)pyridin-4- yl)phenol ¹H HMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.61 (s, 1H), 8.28 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 5.00-4.90 (m, 1H), 2.95 (s, 3H), 1.84-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.54-1.47 (m, 6H), 1.17 (s, 6H). 485.3 209 >1000

4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3′-methoxy-[1,1′- biphenyl]-3-ol ¹H HMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.80 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.43-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.20 (m, 4H), 6.99-6.93 (m, 1H), 5.04-4.76 (m, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 2.94 (s, 3H), 1.86-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.45 (m, 6H), 1.17 (s, 6H). 445.2 210 251- 500

4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-4′-fluoro-3′-methoxy-[1,1′- biphenyl]-3-ol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.95-13.18 (m, 1H), 8.24 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.37-7.15 (m, 4H), 4.99-4.93 (m, 1H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 2.94 (s, 3H), 1.92-1.66 (m, 3H), 1.62-1.29 (m, 6H), 1.17 (s, 6H). 463.2 211 251- 500

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(5-methoxypyridin-3- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.90 (s, 1H), 8.54 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.30 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.26 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.42-7.29 (m, ₃ h),5.02-4.87 (m, 1H), 3.93 (s, ₃ h), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 1.86-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.45 (m, ₆ h), 1.17 (s, ₆ h). 446.3 212

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(6-fluoro-5- methoxypyridin-3-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.95 (s, 1H), 8.26 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.99 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.95-7.91 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.30 (m, 3H), 5.02-4.80 (m, 1H), 4.00 (s, 3H), 2.94 (s, 3H), 1.85-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.48 (m, 6H), 1.17 (s, 6H). 464.3 213 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-4-fluoro-5-(6- methoxypyridazin-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.15 (s, 1H), 8.32 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.34 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 5.06-4.87 (m, 1H), 4.09 (s, 3H), 2.94 (s, 3H), 1.85-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.45 (m, 6H), 1.17 (s, 6H). 465.4 214

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl- d3)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-4- fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.56 (s, 1H), 13.14 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (s, 2H), 7.82 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 5.02-4.88 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.57-1.45 (m, 6H), 1.18 (s, 6H). 426.1 215

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.81 (s, 1H), 8.54 (s, 1H), 7.94 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (s, 1H), 7.36 (s, 2H), 7.16 (d, 1H), 5.02-4.90 (m, 1H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 2.90 (s, 3H), 1.92-1.69 (m, 3H, 1.60-1.36 (m, 6H), 1.12 (s, 6H). 447.3 216

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-4-fluoro-5-(6- methoxypyrimidin-4- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.23 (s, 1H), 8.92 (s, 1H), 8.29 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 5.12-4.90 (m, 1H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 2.97 (s, 3H), 2.02-1.88 (m, 2H), 1.84-1.55 (m, 6H), 1.28 (s, 6H). 485.1 217 10- 100 <10 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-imidazol-1- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆)-d₆) δ 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 7.21 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 4.98-4.83 (m, 1H), 3.48 (s, 2H), 2.92 (s, ₃ h), 1.84-1.68 (m, ₆ h), 1.56-1.47 (m, 2H). 377.2 218 10- 100 <10 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol- 1-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 14.23 (s, 1H), 8.25-8.20 (m, 2H), 7.98 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.98-4.79 (m, 1H), 3.53-3.45 (m, 2H), 2.93 (s, ₃ h), 2.16 (s, ₃ h), 1.85-1.70 (m, ₆ h), 1.59-1.48 (m, 2H). 391.1 219 >1000 10- 100 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(5-methyl-1,3,4- oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.68 (s, 1H), 9.09 (s, 1H), 8.29 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54-7.44 (m, ₃ h), 5.13-4.94 (m, 1H), 4.14-4.05 (m, 2H), 3.02 (s, ₃ h), ₃ h),2.33-2.21 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.99 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.72 (m, 2H). 393.2 220 10- 100 <10 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 14.11 (s, 1H), 8.58 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.0 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.38 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 6.62-6.51 (m, 1H), 4.92-4.88 (m, 1H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 2.95 (s, ₃ h), 1.98-1.69 (m, ₆ h), 1.56-1.52 (m, 2H). 377.4 221 101- 250 10- 100 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(4-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.38-7.32 (m, ₃ h), 4.94-4.83 (m, 1H), 3.48 (s, 2H), 2.93 (s, ₃ h), 2.10 (s, ₃ h), 1.83-1.69 (m, ₆ h), 1.56-1.48 (m, 2H). 391.3 222 10- 100 <10 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.44 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.20 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.32 (m, ₃ h),6.34 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.99-4.83 (m, 1H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 2.93 (s, ₃ h), 2.28 (s, ₃ h), 1.85-1.69 (m, ₆ h), 1.53 (m, 2H). 391.3 223 10- 100 <10 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.13 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.97-7.89 (m, ₃ h), 7.70-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.32 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.21-5.00 (m, 1H), 3.79-3.57 (m, 2H), 3.01 (s, ₃ h), 2.11-1.89 (m, ₆ h), 1.80-1.67 (m, 2H). 378.3 224 101- 250 <10 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.91 (s, 1H), 8.26 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.35 (m, 1H), 5.00-4.86 (m, 1H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 2.95 (s, ₃ h), 1.85-1.70 (m, ₆ h), 1.61-1.48 (m, 2H). 378.2 225 10- 100 10- 100 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(4-methyl-1H-1,2,3- triazol-1-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.60 (s, 1H), 8.26 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.37 (m, ₃ h), 4.93 (s, 2H), 3.48 (s, 2H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 2.33 (s, ₃ h), 1.84-1.66 (m, ₆ h), 1.56-1.52 (m, 2H). 392.2 226 101- 250 10- 100 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.19-8.12 (m, 2H), 7.85 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.34 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.20-5.13 (m, 1H), 3.84 (s, 2H) , 3.02 (s, ₃ h), 2.12-2.01 (m, ₆ h), 1.84-1.77 (m, 2H). 378.3 227 >1000 >1000 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.44 (s, 1H), 8.23 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 5.05-5.01 (m, 1H), 4.09-4.05 (m, 2H), 2.96 (s, ₃ h), 2.13-1.98 (m, ₆ h), 1.81-1.77 (m, 2H). 379.3 228 10- 100 <10 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(2-methyloxazol-5- yl)phenol NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.13 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 7.33 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.24 (m, 2H), 5.15-5.07 (m, 1H), 3.72 (s, 2H), 3.02 (s, ₃ h), 2.56 (s, ₃ h), 2.05-1.95 (m, ₆ h), 1.77-1.71 (m, 2H). 392.2 229 >1000 >1000 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(3-methylisoxazol-5- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.41 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (m, 4H), 6.15 (s, 1H), 5.00-4.86 (m, 1H), 3.48 (s, 2H), 2.87 (s, ₃ h), 2.19 (s, ₃ h), 1.82-1.65 (m, ₆ h), 1.57-1.42 (m, 2H). 392.3 230 >1000 101- 250 501- 1000

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(2-methyl-1H-imidazol- 1-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.99 (s, 1H), 8.26 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 7.04-6.97 (m, 2H), 6.92 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.98-4.96 (m, 1H), 3.78 (s, 2H), 2.98 (s, ₃ h), 2.36 (s, ₃ h),2.09-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.89 (s, 4H), 1.68-1.59 (m, 2H). 391.2 231 >1000 251- 500 501- 1000

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(2,4-dimethyl-1H- imidazol-1-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 14.04 (s, 1H), 8.23 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 6.98-6.92 (m, 2H), 4.97-4.82 (m, 1H), 3.54 (s, 2H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 2.31 (s, ₃ h), 2.09 (s, ₃ h), 1.86-1.70 (m, ₆ h), 1.59-1.50 (m, 2H). 405.3 232 >1000 101- 250 501- 1000

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(5-(trinuoromethyl)- 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.26 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.74-7.66 (m, 2H), 7.41 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.57-5.36 (m, 1H), 4.23-4.21 (m, 2H), 3.08 (s, ₃ h), 2.36-2.16 (m, ₆ h), 2.01-1.98 (m, 2H). 447.2 233 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-tetrazol-1- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.01 (s, 1H), 8.88 (s, 1H), 8.34 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.24 (m, 2H), 5.19-4.84 (m, 1H), 4.33-3.98 (m, 2H), 3.02 (s, ₃ h), 2.49 (s, ₃ h), 2.28-1.81 (m, ₈ h). 393.3 234 10- 100 10- 100 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(5-methyl-2H-tetrazol-2- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.94 (s, 1H), 8.93 (s, 1H), 8.29 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.69-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.49 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 5.14-4.99 (m, 1H), 4.10 (s, 2H), 3.01 (s, ₃ h), 2.60 (s, 3 h), 2.30-2.14 (m, 2H), 2.14-1.94 (m, 4H), 1.85-1.67 (m, 2H). 393.2 235 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 14.27 (s, 1H), 9.23 (s, 2H), 9.01-8.53 (m, 1H), 8.33 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (s, 1H), 7.31 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.06-5.06 (m, 1H), 4.11 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, ₃ h), 2.23-1.95 (m, ₆ h), 1.85-1.79 (m, 2H). 378.2 236 101- 250

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(6-methylpyridin-3- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.86 (s, 1H), 8.81 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.06-7.93 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.23 (m, 4H), 5.03-4.77 (m, 1H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 3.31 (s, ₃ h), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 1.85-1.67 (m, ₆ h), 1.58-1.47 (m, 2H). 402.2 237 501- 1000

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(2-methylpyrimidin-5- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.87 (s, 1H), 9.07 (s, 2H), 8.30 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.32 (m, 2H), 5.10-4.93 (m, 1H), 3.93 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, ₃ h), 2.67 (s, 2.03-1.90 (m, 4H), 1.75-1.67 (m, 2H). 403.1 238 10- 100 <10 10- 100

5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2- methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.95 (s, 1H), 8.39 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.27 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.44-7.34 (m, ₃ h), 7.26 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.99-4.84 (m, 1H), 3.69 (s, ₃ h), 3.50 (s, 2H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 1.84-1.71 (m, ₆ h), 1.57-1.50 (m, 2H). 419.2 239 251- 500 <10 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(6-methylpyridazin-3- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.80 (s, 1H), 8.27 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.77-7.69 (m, 2H), 7.66 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.02-4.89 (m, 1H), 3.56 (s, 2H), 2.95 (s, ₃ h), 2.67 (s, ₃ h), 1.93-1.65 (m, ₆ h), 1.60-1.50 (m, 2H). 403.2 240 10- 100 <10 <10

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1- methylpyridin-2(1H)-one ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.84 (s, 1H), 8.24 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.21 (m, 2H), 6.70 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.64-6.59 (m, 1H), 4.99-4.82 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.43 (m, 5H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 1.84-1.68 (m, ₆ h), 1.58-1.49 (m, 2H). 418.1 241 101- 250 <10 10- 100

5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1- methylpyridin-2(1H)-one ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.91 (s, 1H), 8.32-8.15 (m, 2H), 7.97-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.36 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.20-7.11 (m, 2H), 6.48 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.04-4.73 (m, 1H), 3.52 (s, ₃ h), 3.48 (s, 2H), 2.93 (s, ₃ h), 1.86-1.65 (m, ₆ h), 1.59-1.47 (m, 2H). 418.2 242 251- 500 10- 100 101- 250

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H- imidazol-1-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 14.27 (s, 1H), 8.57 (d, J = 14.3 Hz, 2H), 8.34 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 5.08-5.04 (m, 1H), 4.12-4.08 (m, 2H), 3.01 (s, ₃ h), 2.28-2.24 (m, 2H), 2.08-2.04 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.76 (m, 2H). 445.1 243 10- 100 <10 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 14.10 (s, 1H), 9.39 (s, 1H), 9.33-8.89 (m, 1H), 8.36-8.19 (m, 2H), 8.10 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.45 (m, 2H), 5.06 (s, 1H), 4.10 (s, 2H), 3.01 (s, ₃ h), 2.29-2.22 (m, 2H), 2.12-1.94 (m, 4H), 1.85-1.77 (m, 2H). 378.2 244 101- 250

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(3-methyl-1H-1,2,4- triazol-1-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.23 (s, 1H), 8.23 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.27 (m, ₃ h), 4.91 (s, 1H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 2.37 (s, ₃ h), 1.89-1.64 (m, ₆ h), 1.55-1.52 (m, 2H). 392.3 245 501- 1000 10- 100 101- 250

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- imidazol-1-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.48 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 8.09 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 5.56-5.46 (m, 1H), 3.58-3.56 (m, 2H), 2.24-2.13 (m, 2H), 1.83-1.71 (m, 4H), 1.67-1.58 (m, 2H). 364.2 246 251- 500 10- 100 101- 250

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4- methyl-1H-imidazol-1- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.46 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 8.26 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.20 (m, 2H), 5.54-5.43 (m 1H) 3.55-3.48 (m, 2H), 2.20-2.11 (m, 5H), 1.75-1.55 (m, ₆ h). 378.1 247 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5- methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.40 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.53 (m, 2H), 7.38 (d, J = 9 4 Hz, 1H), 5.70-5.37 (m, 1H), 3.63-3.60 (m, 2H), 2.60 (s, ₃ h), 2.23-2.19 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.74 (m, 4H), 1.68-1.63 (m, 2H). 380.2 248 501- 1000

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-1-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.60 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.44 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J = 8.7, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 6.66-6.50 (m, 1H), 5.57-5.49 (m, 1H), 3.69 (s, 2H), 2.27-2.21 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.63 (m, ₆ h). 364.1 249 501- 1000 101- 250 251- 500

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(4- methyl-1H-pyrazol-1- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.45 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.02 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.33 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 2H), 5.54-5.44 (m, 1H), 3.50 (s 2H) 2.19-2.12 (m, 2H), 2.10 (s, ₃ h), 1.78-1.66 (m, 4H), 1.61-1.57 (m, 2H). 378.3 250 501- 1000 10- 100 101- 250

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(3- methyl-1H-pyrazol-1- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.46 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.44-8.39 (m, 1H) 8.03 (d J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 6.36 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.54-5.44 (m, 1H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 2.28 (s, ₃ h), 2.19-2.11 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.66 (m, 4H), 1.64-1.54 (m, 2H). 378.3 251 251- 500 10- 100 101- 250

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(2H- 1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.25 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (s, 2H), 7.64-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.19 (m, 1H), 5.69-5.41 (m, 1H), 4.11 (s, 2H), 2.64-2.40 (m, 2H), 2.21-2.03 (m, 4H), 1.96-1.89 (m, 2H). 365.1 252 501- 1000 101- 250 251- 500

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.63 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.62-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.31 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.76-5.53 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 2H), 2.53-2.29 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.95 (m, 4H), 1.86-1.81 (m, 2H). 365.2 253 501- 1000 251- 500 251- 500

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- 1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.45-8.42 (m, 2H), 8.02 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H) 5.50 (m, 1H), 3.53 (s, 2H), 2.17 (m, 2H), 1.73 (m, 4H), 1.61 (m, 2H). 385.2 254 >1000 >1000 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- tetrazol-5-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.51 (s, 1H), 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.42 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.63-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.40 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.67-5.48 (m, 1H), 4.14-4.09 (m, 2H), 2.45-2.41 (m, 2H), 2.10-1.86 (m, ₆ h). 366.1 255 501- 1000 101- 250 101- 250

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(2- methyloxazol-5-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.44 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 7.25 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.63-5.34 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.49 (m, 2H), 2.50 (s, ₃ h),2.18-2.12 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.52 (m, ₆ h). 378.9 256 >1000 >1000 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(3- methylisoxazol-5-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.44 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.15-6.97 (m, ₃ h), 6.18 (s, 1H), 5.57-5.40 (m, 1H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 2.23-2.08 (m, 5H), 1.76-1.64 (m, 4H), 1.60-1.55 (m, 2H). 379.1 257 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5- methyl-1H-tetrazol-1- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.88 (s, 1H), 8.88 (s, 1H), 8.46 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.50-7.28 (m, ₃ h), 5.62-5.58 (m, 1H), 4.15 (s, 2H), 2.63 (s, ₃ h), 2.48-2.92 (m, ₈ h). 380.2 258 251- 500 10- 100 101- 250 '

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(5- methyl-2H-tetrazol-2yl)phenol ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.65 (s, 1H), 8.98 (s, 1H), 8.42 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.77-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.45 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.68-5.44 (m, 1H), 4.13 (s, 2H), 2.61 (s, ₃ h), 2.48-2.39 (m, 2H), 2.08-2.00 (m, ₆ h). 380.2 259 <10

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1- methylpyridin-2(1H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.8 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.24 (m, ₃ h), 6.78-6.63 (m, 2H), 5.77 (s, 1H), 3.48 (s, ₃ h), 2.88 (s, ₃ h), 2.08-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.67-0.99 (m, 15H). 460.3 260 <10

5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2- methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.95 (s, 1H), 8.39 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.28 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.30 (d, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 5.85-5.63 (m, 1H), 3.69 (s, ₃ h), 2.89 (s, ₃ h), 1.72-1.55 (m, 4H), 1.51-1.37 (m, 2H), 1.37-1.17 (m, 4H), 1.04 (s, ₆ h). 461.2 261 10- 100

5-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-6-hydroxy-N- methylbenzofuran-2- carboxamide ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.22 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.16 (s, 1H), 7.46 (s, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 6.13-6.00 (m, 1H), 3.01 (s, ₃ h), 2.97 (s, ₃ h), 2.49-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.17-2.08 (m, 4H), 2.05-1.77 (m, 5H), 1.49 (s, ₆ h). 450.0 262 101- 250

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.03 (s, 1H), 8.77-8.58 (m, 1H), 8.48 (d, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.94 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 6.16-6.01 (m, 1H), 2.61-2.52 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.86 (m, ₃ h), 1.83-1.71 (m, ₃ h), 1.69-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.37 (s, ₆ h). 406.2 263 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-4- fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.20 (s, 1H), 8.74-8.59 (m, 2H), 8.49 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (s, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.14-5.96 (m, 0H), 1.98-1.88 (m, 3H), 1.80-1.72 (m, 3H), 1.68-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.37 (s, 6H). 424.3 264

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-2-fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl)-1- (fluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)- one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.52 (s, 1H), 8.27 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.56 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 5.99 (d, J = 50.9 Hz, 2H), 5.85-5.64 (m, 1H), 2.89 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 1H), 1.73-1.54 (m, 5H), 1.49-1.25 (m, 4H), 1.04 (s, 6H). 496.2 265 <10

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-2-fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl)-1- methylpyridin-2(1H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.47 (s, 1H), 8.26 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.47-6.43 (m, 1H), 5.83-5.67 (m, 1H), 3.46 (s, ₃ h), 2.89 (s, ₃ h), 1.69-1.56 (m, 5H), 1.49-1.26 (m, 5H), 1.04 (s, ₆ h). 478.2 266 10- 100

6-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-3- methylpyrimidin-((3H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.50 (s, 1H), 8.57 (s, 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.65-7.61 (m, 2H), 7.37 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (s, 1H), 5.95-5.85 (m, 1H), 3.44 (s, 3H), 2.93 (s, 3H), 2.19-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.88 (m, 6H), 1.80-1.74 (m, 1H), 1.68-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.36 (s, 6H). 461.0 267

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.89 (s, 1H), 9.35 (s, 1H), 8.34 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.36 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.91-5.76 (m, 1H), 4.09 (s, 3H), 2.92 (s, 3H), 2.19-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.96-1.67 (m, 6H), 1.64-1.45 (m, 3H), 1.37-1.09 (m, 6H). 461.3 268 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(6-(methoxy- d3)pyridazin-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.90 (s, 1H), 9.35 (s, 1H), 8.30 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.31 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1H), 5.75 (m, 1H), 2.90 (s, 3H), 2.00 (m, 1H), 1.28-1.68 (m, 9H), 1.12 (s, 6H). 464.0 269 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-4-fluoro-5-(6-(methoxy- d3)pyridazin-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.66 (s, 1H), 9.17 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.30 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.39-7.17 (m, 2H), 5.92-5.64 (m, 1H), 2.89 (s, 3H), 2.17-1.95 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.54 (m, 5H), 1.52-1.38 (m, 2H), 1.38-1.26 (m, 2H), 1.05 (s, 6H). 482.2 270

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.77 (s, 1H), 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.28 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, 1H), 7.76-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 5.74 (m, 1H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 2.90 (s, 3H), 2.08 (m, 1H), 1.67-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.04 (s, 6H). 461.2 271 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-4-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.13-8.03 (m, ₃ h), 7.61 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 1H), 5.84-5.73 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.02 (s, ₃ h), 2.28-2.18 (m, ₃ h), 2.10-2.00 (m, 2H), 1.98-1.90 (m, 4H), 1.90-1.82 (m, 1H). 409.1 272 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-imidazol-1- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 14.13 (s, 1H), 9.21 (s, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.39 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 7.25 (d, J = 7 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 5.70-5.75 (m, 1H), 3.73 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, ₃ h), 2.31-2.39 (m, 2H), 2.01-2.08 (m, ₃ h), 1.75-1.90 (m, 4H), 1.70-1.75 (m, 1H). 391.3 273 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(2-methyloxazol-5- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.74 (s, 1H), 9.20 (s, 1H), 8.28 (d, J = 10 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 10 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.23 (m, 2H), 5.75 (s, 1H), 3.75 (s, 2H), 2.96 (s, ₃ h), 2.28-2.37 (m, ₃ h), 1.76-2.01 (m, ₁₀ h). 406.1 274 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-4-fluoro-5-(2- methyloxazol-5-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.32 (s, 1H), 8.30 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 5.84-5.70 (m, 1H), 3.76-3.68 (m, 2H), 2.97 (s, ₃ h), 2.52 (s, ₃ h), 2.38-2.27 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.75 (m, ₈ h). 424.2 275 <10 <10 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.81 (s, 1H), 8.28 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (s, 2H), 8.10 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.66-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.40 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.89-5.59 (m, 1H), 3.76 (s, 2H), 2.96 (s, h), 2.38-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.11-1.83 (m, ₈ h). 392.3 276 101- 250

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.21 (s, 1H), 13.02 (s, 1H), 8.44 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (s, 2H), 7.93 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.25 (m, 2H), 6.05 (s, 1H), 3.20 (s, 2H), 2.32-2.25 (m, 2H), 1.94-1.82 (m, 4H), 1.76-1.70 (m, 4H). 378.2 277 >1000 >1000 >1000

2-(6-(((1R,3R,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.29 (s, 1H), 13.29 (m, 1H), 8.45 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (s, 2H), 7.93 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.18 (m, 2H), 5.40-5.35 (m, 1H), 3.29 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 2H), 2.48-2.42 (m, 2H), 2.15-2.08 (m, 1H), 1.69-1.58 (m, 4H), 1.48-1.45 (m, ₃ h). 378.3 278 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)oxy)pyridazin-3-yl)-4- fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.43 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (s, 2H), 7.89 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.31 (m, 2H), 6.12-6.00 (m, 1H), 3.24-3.18 (m, 2H), 2.28-2.20 (m, 2H), 2.07 (s, ₃ h), 1.85-1.60 (m, ₅ h). 396.1 279 10- 100 <10 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 14.08 (s, 1H), 8.92 (s, 1H), 8.79-8.41 (m, 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.57-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.41 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.88-5.58 (m, 1H), 3.68 (s, 2H), 2.96 (s, ₃ h), 2.37-2.31 (m, 2H), 2.07-1.65 (m, ₈ h). 392.3 280 10- 100

5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2- methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.87 (s, 1H), 8.40 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.33 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.35 (m, ₃ h), 7.27 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (m, 1H), 3.69 (s, ₃ h), 3.59 (s, 2H), 2.96 (s, ₃ h), 2.22 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.79 (m, ₈ h), 1.79-1.69 (m, 1H). 433.1 281 <10 <10 <10

5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- hydroxyphenyl)-2-(methyl- d3)pyridazin-3(2H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.39 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.44-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.35 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.75-5.63 (m, 1H), 2.95 (s, ₃ h), 2.13-1.95 (m, ₃ h), 1.92-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.73 (m, 5H). 436.1 282 10- 100 <10 10- 100

5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2- (methyl-d3)pyridazin-3(2H)- one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.39 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.28 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.44-7.36 (m, ₃ h), 7.27 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 5.02-4.86 (m, 1H), 3.55 (s, 2H), 2.95 (s, ₃ h, 1.88-1.72 (m, ₆ h), 1.59-1.46 (m, 2H). 422.2 283 <10

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1- methylpyridin-2(1H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.22 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.25 (m, ₃ h), 6.74 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (dd, J = 7.1, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.74-5.60 (m, 1H), 3.48 (s, ₃ h,), 3.25-3.15 (m, 2H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 2.09-1.92 (m, ₃ h), 1.90-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.61 (m, 5H). 432.1 284 <10 >1000 <10

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1- (methyl-d3)pyridin-2(1H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.75 (s, 1H), 8.28 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.24 (m, 2H), 6.70 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (dd, J = 7.2, 2.1 Hz 1H), 5.75-5.64 (m, 1H), 3.45 (s, 2H), 2.95 (s, ₃ h), 2.15-1.72 (m, ₁₀ h). 435.3 285 <10 >1000 <10

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-2-fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl)-1- methylpyridin-2(1H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.47 (s, 1H), 8.27 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 6.45 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 5.73-5.61 (m, 1H), 3.46 (s, ₃ h), 3.24-3.15 (m, 2H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 2.06-1.93 (m, ₃ h), 1.86-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.60 (m, 5H). 450.2 286 <10

5-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-2-fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl)-2- methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.29 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.19 (t, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.76-5.62 (m, 1H), 3.70 (s, ₃ h), 3.21-3.15 (m, 2H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 2.06-1.92 (m, ₃ h), 1.84-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.62 (m, 5H). 451.2 287 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.18 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 2H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.82 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (s, 2H), 5.70-5.54 (m, 1H), 3.87 (s, ₃ h), 3.31-3.19 (m, 2H), 2.93 (s, ₃ h), 2.08-1.66 (m, ₁₀ h). 405.2 288 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(1-(methyl-d3)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.17 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 2H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.82 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 5.63-5.60 (m, 1H), 3.24 (s, 2H), 2.92 (s, ₃ h), 2.05-1.94 (m, ₃ h), 1.85 (s, 2H), 1.73-1.63 (m, 5H). 408.1 289 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(2-methoxypyridin-4- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.33 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.64-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.41-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.15 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.86 (s, 1H), 4.02 (s, ₃ h), 3.89 (s, 2H), 3.08 (s, ₃ h), 2.44-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.24-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.21-2.07 (m, ₆ h), 1.96-1.89 (m, 1H). 432.1 290 251- 500

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1,6- dimethylpyridin-2(1H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.25 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.22 (m, 2H), 6.64-6.57 (m, 2H), 5.75-5.62 (m, 1H), 3.35 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.32 (s, h), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 2.44 (s, ₃ h), 2.12-1.68 (m, ₁₀ h). 446.3 291 <10

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1- (fluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)- one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.79 (s, 1H), 8.30 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.25 (m, ₃ h), 6.81 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.77-6.68 (m, 1H), 5.99 (d, J = 51 Hz, 2H), 5.72-5.69 (m, 1H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 2.96 (s, ₃ h), 2.26-2.12 (m, 2H), 2.07-1.63 (m, ₈ h). 450.3 292 >1000

4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3′-methoxy-4′-methyl- [1,1′-biphenyl]-3-ol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.18 (d, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.15 (m, ₆ h), 5.64-5.56 (m, 1H), 3.89 (s, ₃ h), 3.23 (s, 2H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 2.20 (s, ₃ h), 2.06-1.75 (m, ₃ h), 1.58-1.45 (m, ₃ h), 1.65-1.49 (m, 5H). 445.1 293 10- 100

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)pyridin- 2(1H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.25 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.20 (m, 2H), 6.62 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (dd, J = 6.9, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.65-5.59 (m, 1H), 3.17 (s, 2H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 2.01-1.91 (m, ₃ h), 1.83-1.65 (m, ₅ h). 418.1 294 501- 1000

6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-hydroxy-N- methylbenzofuran-2- carboxamide ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.29 (s, 1H), 8.62 (q, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 8.30 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.32 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 5.71-5.59 (m, 1H), 3.27 (s, 2H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 2.81 (d, J = 4.7 Hz, ₃ h), 2.08-1.96 (m, ₃ h), 1.90-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.67 (m, 5H). 422.1 295 251- 500

6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-hydroxy-N,N- dimethylbenzofuran-2- carboxamide ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.20 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.34-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 5.83-5.70 (m, 1H), 3.45-3.37 (m, 5H), 3.17 (s, ₃ h), 3.03 (s, ₃ h), 2.27-2.14 (m, ₃ h), 2.09-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.96-1.80 (m, 5H). 436.3 296 101- 250 <10 10- 100

6-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-N-cyclopropyl-5- hydroxybenzofuran-2- carboxamide ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.31 (s, 1H), 8.68 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 8.27 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.32 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 5.80-5.51 (m, 1H), 3.23 (s, 2H), 2.94 (s ₃ h) 2.91-2.80 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.93 (m, ₃ h), 1.87-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.63 (m, 5H), 0.75-0.59 (m, 4H). 448.2 297 10- 100

5-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-6-hydroxy-N- methylbenzofuran-2- carboxamide ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.60-8.56 (m, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.26 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 5.68-5.65 (m, 1H), 3.27-3.23 (m, 2H), 2.93 (s, ₃ h), 2.79 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 3 h), 2.09-1.92 (m, ₃ h), 1.85-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.67 (m, 5H). 422.1 298 10- 100

5-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-6-hydroxy-N,N- dimethylbenzofuran-2- carboxamide ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.25-8.23 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 5.66-5.64 (m, 1H), 3.29-3.25 (m, 2H), 3.20 (s, ₃ h), 3.03 (s, ₃ h), 2.93 (s, ₃ h), 2.00-1.96 (m, ₃ h), 1.82-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.67 (m, 5H). 436.0 299 10- 100

5-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-N-cyclopropyl-6- hydroxybenzofuran-2- carboxamide ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.64 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.30 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 5.75-5.72 (m, 1H), 3.69-3.65 (m, 2H), 2.95 (s, ₃ h), 2.86-2.84 (m, 1H), 2.22 (s, 2H), 2.13-1.65 (m, ₈ h), 0.82-0.52 (m, 4H). 448.3 300 10- 100

6-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-3- methylpyrimidin-((3H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.71 (s, 1H), 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.26 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.64-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.31 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (s, 1H), 5.72-5.61 (m, 1H), 3.44 (s, ₃ h), 3.21-3.16 (m, 2H), 2.94 (s ₃ h), 2.03-1.93 (m, ₃ h), 1.86-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.62 (m, 5H). 433.3 301 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(l-(difluoromethy)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.86 (s, 1H), 8.80 (s, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.27 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (t, J = 59.5 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.23 (m, ³ h), 5.82-5.64 (m, 1H), 3.54 (s, 2H), 2.95 (s, ₃ h), 2.25-2.15 (m, 2H), 2.03-1.70 (m, ₅ h). 441.3 302 10- 100

2-(6-(cyclopropyl((1R,3S,5S)- 1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.25 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (s, 2H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.81-4.65 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.63 (m, 7H), 1.47 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.17 (s, 6H), 0.98 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 0.65 (s, 2H). 431.2 303 10- 100

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-5-(2-(methyl-d3)oxazol-5- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.89 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.18 (m, 2H), 5.02-4.90 (m, 1H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 1.89-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.52 (m, ₆ h), 1.18 (s, ₆ h). 423.3 304 10- 100 >1000 <10

2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-4-fluoro-5-(2-(methyl- d3)oxazol-5-yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.52 (s, 1H), 8.24 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 4.99-4.90 (m, 1H), 2.94 (s, ₃ h), 1.84-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.47 (m, ₆ h), 1.17 (s, ₆ h). 441.3 305 101- 250

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1- methylpyrimidin-2(1H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.69 (s, 1H), 8.34-8.20 (m, 2H), 8.01 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7-74-7-60 (m, 2H), 7.29 (d, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 5.84-5.65 (m, 1H), 3.47 (s, ₃ h), 2.89 (s, ₃ h), 1.72-1.55 (m, 4H), 1.52-1.20 (m, ₆ h), 1.04 (s, ₆ h). 461.3 306 <10

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)pyridin- 2(1H)-one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.59 (s, 1H), 11.61 (s, 1H), 8.30 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 6.52 (s, 1H), 5.89-5.85 (m, 1H), 2.92 (s, ₃ h), 2.16-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.84 (m, ₆ h), 1.74-1.70 (m, ₃ h), 1.36 (s, ₆ h). 446.0 307 10- 100 <10 <10

4-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)-2-fluoro-5- hydroxyphehyl)pyridin-2(1H)- one ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.25 (s, 1H), 11.71 (s, 1H), 9.17 (s, 1H), 8.65 (s, 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 6.38 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 5.89 (m, 1H), 2.96 (s, ₃ h), 2.14 (m, 1H), 2.06-1.84 (m, ₆ h), 1.80-1.60 (m, ₃ h), 1.38 (s, ₆ h). 464.0 308 501- 1000

5-(2- (difluoromethoxy)pyridin-4- yl)-2-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin-3- yl)phenol ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d) δ 13.76 (s, 1H), 9.25-9.12 (m, 1H), 8.70-8.59 (m, 1H), 8.38-8.30 (m, 2H), 8.07-8.01 (m, 1H), 7.77 (t, J = 73 Hz, 1H), 7.68-7.65 (m, 1H), 7.48-7.34 (m, 4H), 5.96-5.83 (m, 1H), 2.97 (s, ₃ h), 2.05-1.86 (m, 5H), 1.79-1.61 (m, ₃ h), 1.39 (s, ₆ h). 496.3 ^(A)Cell viability ^(B)FoxM1 A mRNA increase (exon excluded) ^(C)FoxM1 BC mRNA decrease (exon included)

TABLE 1C Exemplary SMSM compounds SMSM# Structure Name 309

3-amino-1-(4-(cyclopropyl(6-(2- hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)amino)- 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1- yl)propan-1-one 310

3-amino-1-(4-(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazine-3- carbonyl)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1- one 311

3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)thio)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin- 1-yl)propan-1-one 312

3-amino-1-((1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-(2- hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)oxy)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)propan-1- one 313

3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1- one 314

3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)oxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin- 1-yl)propan-1-one 315

3-amino-1-((1R,5S)-6-((6-(2- hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)(methyl)amino)-3- azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-yl)propan- 1-one 316

3-amino-1-(4-(cyclobutyl(6-(2- hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)amino)- 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1- yl)propan-1-one 317

3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)(methoxy)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1- one 318

3-amino-1-(1-(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)octahydro-5H-pyrrolo[2,3- c]pyridin-5-yl)propan-1-one 319

3-amino-1-(1-(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)octahydro-1,6-naphthyridin-6(2H)- yl)propan-1-one 320

3-amino-1-(1-(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)- 1,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-7- yl)propan-1-one 321

3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)thio)piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one 322

3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)oxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin- 1-yl)propan-1-one 323

3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1- one 324

3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)(2-methoxyethoxy)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1- one 325

3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)methylene)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1- one 326

3-amino-1-(4-(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazine-3- carbonyl)piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one 327

3-amino-1-(4-(hydroxy(6-(2-hydroxy- 4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin- 3-yl)methyl)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1- one 328

3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)methoxy)methyl)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1- one 329

3-amino-1-(4-(6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazine-3- carbonyl)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperazin-1-yl)propan-1- one 330

3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)(trifluoromethyl)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1- one 331

3-amino-1-(4-((2-fluoroethyl)(6-(2- hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)amino)- 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1- yl)propan-1-one 332

3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino)- 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1- yl)propan-1-one 333

3-amino-1-(4-((3-fluoropropyl)(6-(2- hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)amino)- 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1- yl)propan-1-one 334

3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)(2-methoxyethyl)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1- one 335

3-amino-1-((1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-(2- hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)oxy)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)propan-1- one 336

3-amino-1-((1R,3R,5S)-3-((6-(2- hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)oxy)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)propan-1- one 337

3-amino-1-((1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-(2- hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)(methyl)amino)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)propan-1- one 338

3-amino-1-((1R,3R,5S)-3-((6-(2- hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)(methyl)amino)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)propan-1- one 339

3-amino-1-(3-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)oxy)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8- yl)propan-1-one 340

3-amino-1-(4-((5-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyrazin-2- yl)(methyl)amino)piperidin-1- yl)propan-1-one 341

3-amino-1-(4-((5-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyrazin-2- yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1- one 342

3-amino-1-(4-((5-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyrazin-2- yl)oxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin- 1-yl)propan-1-one 343

3-amino-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridin-3- yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1- one 344

3-amino-1-(4-((2-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyrimidin-5- yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1- one 345

5-(4-(5-((1-(3-aminopropanoyl)- 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)(methyl)amino)pyrazin-2-yl)-3- hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one 346

1-(4-((4-(5-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)-3- hydroxyphenyl)(methyl)amino)- 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3- aminopropan-1-one 347

2′-(4-((1-(3- aminopropanoyl)piperidin-4- yl)(methyl)amino)-2-hydroxyphenyl)- [5,5′-bipyrimidin]-2(1H)-one 348

(E)-3-(4-aminophenyl)-1-(4-((6-(2- hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)prop-2-en- 1-one 349

3-(4-aminophenyl)-1-(4-((6-(2- hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1- one 350

1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)-2- (piperidin-4-yl)ethan-1-one 351

4-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine-1- carbonyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid 352

1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)-2-(2- (methylamino)ethoxy)ethan-1-one 353

4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethyl-N-(3- (methylamino)propyl)piperidine-1- carboxamide 354

(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)(piperidin- 4-yl)methanone 355

1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)-2- (methyl(2- (methylamino)ethyl)amino)ethan-1- one 356

2-(azetidin-3-yl)-1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy- 4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin- 3-yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)ethan-1-one 357

1-(4-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3- yl)(methyl)amino)-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)pent-4-yn- 1-one

In some embodiments, a compound is selected from:

-   6-chloro-N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)pyridazin-3-amine; -   6-chloro-N-cyclopropyl-N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)pyridazin-3-amine; -   6-(4-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-cyclopropyl-N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)pyridazin-3-amine; -   N-cyclopropyl-6-(2-methoxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)pyridazin-3-amine; -   tert-butyl     (1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-chloropyridazin-3-yl)amino)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate; -   tert-butyl     (1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-chloropyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate; -   tert-butyl(1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-(4-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate; -   tert-butyl(1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-(2-methoxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate; -   tert-butyl(1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-(2-hydroxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate; -   tert-butyl     (1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-chloropyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-9-carboxylate; -   tert-butyl(1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-(2-(methoxymethoxy)-4-(1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-9-carboxylate; -   (1R,3S,5S)-N-(6-chloropyridazin-3-yl)-9-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,5-dimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine; -   (1R,3S,5S)-N-(6-chloropyridazin-3-yl)-9-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N,1,5-trimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine; -   (1R,3S,5S)-9-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N-(6-(2-(methoxymethoxy)-4-(1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)-N,1,5-trimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine; -   tert-butyl(1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-(4-chloro-5-fluoro-2-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate; -   tert-butyl(1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-(5-fluoro-2-(methoxymethoxy)-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate; -   (1R,3S,5S)-N-(6-chloropyridazin-3-yl)-9-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N,1,5-trimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine; -   (1R,3S,5S)-N-(6-(4-chloro-5-fluoro-2-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl)     pyridazin-3-yl)-9-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N,1,5-trimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine; -   (1R,3     S,5S)-N-(6-(5-fluoro-2-(methoxymethoxy)-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)-9-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N,1,5-trimethyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine; -   tert-butyl(1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-(2-(methoxymethoxy)-4-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate; -   tert-butyl     (1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-(4-chloro-5-fluoro-2-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate; -   2tert-butyl(1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-(5-fluoro-2-(methoxymethoxy)-4-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-ylmethyl)amino)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate; -   (1R,3S,5S)-3-(6-chloropyridazin-3-yloxy)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane;     and -   (1R,3S,5S)-3-((6-(2-(methoxymethoxy)-4-(1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)oxy)-1,5-dimethyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane.

TABLE 1D Exemplary SMSM compounds Target 1 Splicing Potency Com- Molecular WT E7b E7c pound weight IC50 EC50 EC50 ID Structure IUPAC (g/mol) (nM) (nM) (nM) SMSM 70826

(2E)-3-[4-(6- {cyclopropyl [(1R,3S,5S)- 1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1] nonan-3- yl]amino} pyridazin-3-yl)-2- fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl]-N- methylprop-2- enamide 479.6 177 257 887 SMSM 70824

7-hydroxy-N- methyl-6-(6- {methyl [(1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1] nonan-3- yl]amino} pyridazin-3- yl)quinoline-2- carboxamide 460.582 27.6 9.3 60.2 SMSM 70823

(E)-3-(4-((6- (cyclopropyl ((1R,3S,5S)- 1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo [3.2.1]octan-3- yl)amino) pyridazin-3-yl)-2- fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl)-N- methylacrylamide 465.573 328 170 898 SMSM 70820

5-(6-methoxy- pyridazin-4- yl)-2-(6- {methyl [(1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo [3.3.1]nonan-3- yl]amino} pyridain-3- yl)phenol 460.582 142 111 627 SMSM 70819

4-[2-fluoro-5- hydroxy-4-(6- {methyl [(1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo [3.3.1]nonan-3- yl]amino} pyridazin-3- yl)phenyl]-1- (fluoromethyl)- 1,2-dihydro- pyridin-2-one 495.575 93.9 88 293 SMSM 70817

2-(6- {[(1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo [3.2.1]octan-3- yl](methyl)amino} pyridazin- 3-yl)-5-(6- methoxypyrimidin-4- yl)phenol 446.555 707 941 2910 SMSM 70816

6-(4-(6- (((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo [3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino) pyridazin- 3-yl)-2-fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl)-3- methylpyrimidin- 4(3H)-one 464.545 215 171 737 SMSM 70815

4-[2-fluoro-5- hydroxy-4-(6- {methyl [(1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo [3.3.1]nonan-3- yl]amino} pyridazin-3- yl)phenyl]-1- methyl-1,2- dihydropyridin- 2-one 477.584 105 59.8 423 SMSM 70814

4-[3-hydroxy- 4-(6- {methyl [(1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1] nonan-3- yl]amino} pyridazin-3- yl)phenyl]-1- methyl-1,2- dihydropyridin- 2-one 459.594 102 89.2 538 SMSM 70813

(2E)-3-[2-fluoro- 5-hydroxy- 4-(6-{methyl (1R,3S,5S)- 1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1] nonan-3- yl]amino} pyridazin-3- yl)phenyl]-N- methylprop-2- enamide 453.562 99.1 41 310 SMSM 70812

2-(6-{[(1R,3S,5S)- 1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo [3.2.1]octan-3- yl](methyl)amino} pyridazin- 3-yl)-5-(6- methoxypyridazin-4- yl)phenol 446.555 178 174 754 SMSM 70810

2-(6- {[(1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo [3.2.1]octan-3- yl](methyl)amino} pyridazin- 3-yl)-5-[1- (fluoromethyl)- 1H-pyrazol- 4-yl]phenol 436.535 236 180 1050 SMSM 70808

(2E)-3- {4-[6-({9- azabicyclo [3.3.1]nonan-3- yl}(methyl) amino)pyridazin- 3-yl]-2- fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl}-N- methylprop- 2-enamide 425.508 104 47.5 348 SMSM 70807

4-fluoro-2-(6- {methyl [(1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo [3.3.1]nonan-3- yl]amino}pyridazin- 3-yl)-5- (1H-pyrazol- 4-yl)phenol 408.481 46 168 162

TABLE 1E Exemplary SMSM compounds Target 2 Splicing Potency Com- Molecular WT E12c pound weight IC50 EC50 ID Structure IUPAC (g/mol) (nM) (nM) SMSM 70826

(2E)-3-[4-(6- {cyclopropyl(1R,3S,5S)- 1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl]amino}pyridazin-3-yl)- 2-fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl]-N- methylprop-2-enamide 479.6 337 304 SMSM 70824

7-hydroxy-N-methyl-6-(6- {methyl[(1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl]amino}pyridazin-3- yl)quinoline-2- carboxamide 460.582 54 46.1 SMSM 70823

(E)-3-(4-(6- (cyclopropyl((1R,3S,5S)- 1,5-dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)- 2-fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl)-N- methylacrylamide 465.573 463 344 SMSM 70820

5-(6-methoxypyridazin-4- yl)-2-(6- {methyl[(1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl]amino}pyridazin-3- yl)phenol 460.582 166 530 SMSM 70819

4-[2-fluoro-5-hydroxy-4- (6-{methyl[(1R,3S,5S)- 1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl]amino}pyridazin-3- yl)phenyl]-1- (fluoromethyl)-1,2- dihydropyridin-2-one 495.575 94.7 92.9 SMSM 70817

2-(6-{[(1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl](methyl)amino} pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(6- methoxypyrimidin-4- yl)phenol 446.555 930 1160 SMSM 70816

6-(4-(6-(((1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino) pyridazin-3-yl)-2-fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl)-3- methylpyrimidin-4(3H)- one 464.545 225 634 SMSM 70815

4-[2-fluoro-5-hydroxy-4- (6-{methyl[(1R,3S,5S)- 1,5-dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl]amino}pyridazin-3- yl)phenyl]-1-methyl-1,2- dihydropyridin-2-one 477.584 116 238 SMSM 70814

4-[3-hydroxy-4-(6- {methyl[(1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl]amino}pyridazin-3- yl)phenyl]-1-methyl-1,2- dihydropyridin-2-one 459.594 110 SMSM 70813

(2E)-3-[2-fluoro-5- hydroxy-4-(6- {methyl[(1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl]amino}pyridazin-3- yl)phenyl]-N-methylprop- 2-enamide 453.562 162 126 SMSM 70812

2-(6-{[(1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- aabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl](methyl)amino} pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(6- methoxypyridazin-4- yl)phenol 446.555 169 355 SMSM 70810

2-(6-{[(1R,3S,5S)-1,5- dimethyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl](methyl)amino} pyridazin-3-yl)-5-[1- (fluoromethyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl]phenol 436.535 220 418 SMSM 70808

(2E)-3-{4-[6-({9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl}(methyl)amino) pyridazin-3-yl]-2-fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl}-N- methylprop-2-enamide 425.508 149 606 SMSM 70807

4-fluoro-2-(6- {methyl[(1R,3S,5S)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl]amino}pyridazin-3-yl)- 5-(1H-pyraol-4-yl)phenol 408.481 50.8 540

In one aspect, described herein is a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) that has the structure of Formula (VI), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt or solvate thereof:

wherein:

-   ring A is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₉ heterocycloalkyl; -   X is N or C; -   ring D is monocyclic carbocycle or monocyclic heterocycle; -   Y is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —C(R²)₂-, —CR²═CR²—,     —C≡C—, —C(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —OC(═O)—, —OC(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR²—,     —NR²C(═O)—, —OC(═O)NR²—, —NR²C(═O)O—, —NR²C(═O)NR²—, —NR²S(═O)₂—,     —S(═O)₂NR²—, or —NR²—; -   each R is independently selected from D, halogen, —CN, —N(R³)₂, —OH,     —OR³, =0, ═N—OR³, —SR³, —S(═O)R⁴, —S(═O)₂R⁴, —NR³S(═O)(═NR³)R⁴,     —NR³S(═O)₂R⁴, —S(═O)₂N(R³)₂, —C(═O)R³, —OC(═O)R³, —C(═O)OR³,     —OC(═O)OR³, —C(═O)N(R³)₂, —OC(═O)N(R³)₂, —NR³C(═O)R³, —P(═O)(R⁴)₂,     substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or     unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆     heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,     substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or     unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic     heteroaryl; -   R¹ is —S(═O)R⁴, —S(═O)₂R⁴, —S(═O)(═NR³)R⁴, —NR³S(═O)(═NR³)R⁴,     —NR³S(═O)₂R⁴, —S(═O)₂N(R³)₂, —C(═O)R³, —OC(═O)R³, —C(═O)OR³,     —OC(═O)OR³, —C(═O)N(R³)₂, —OC(═O)N(R³)₂, —NR³C(═O)R³, —P(═O)(R⁴)₂,     substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or     unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted     aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl; -   each R² is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆     alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ fluoroalkyl, substituted     or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted     phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; -   each R³ is independently H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆     alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or     unsubstituted C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈     cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₇ heterocycloalkyl,     substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted     heteroaryl; -   each R⁴ is independently H, D, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆     alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, substituted or     unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic     heteroaryl, —OR³, —N(R³)₂, —CH₂OR³, —C(═O)OR³, —OC(═O)R³,     —C(═O)N(R³)₂, or —NR³C(═O)R³; and -   n is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (VI) has the structure of Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof:

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (VI) has the structure of Formula (VIb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof:

-   wherein: -   Z is —O—, —NR³—, or —(C═O).

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (VI) has the structure of Formula (VIc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof:

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (VI) has the structure of Formula (VId), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof:

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (VI) has the structure of Formula (VIe), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof:

In some embodiments, an SMSM described herein, possesses one or more stereocenters and each stereocenter exists independently in either the R or S configuration. The compounds presented herein include all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof. The compounds and methods provided herein include all cis, trans, syn, anti, entgegen (E), and zusammen (Z) isomers as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as their individual stereoisomers by reacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds/salts, separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pure enantiomers. In some embodiments, resolution of enantiomers is carried out using covalent diastereomeric derivatives of the compounds described herein. In another embodiment, diastereomers are separated by separation/resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility. In other embodiments, separation of stereoisomers is performed by chromatography or by the forming diastereomeric salts and separation by recrystallization, or chromatography, or any combination thereof. Jean Jacques, Andre Collet, Samuel H. Wilen, “Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions,” John Wiley And Sons, Inc., 1981. In one aspect, stereoisomers are obtained by stereoselective synthesis.

In some embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as prodrugs. A “prodrug” refers to an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent is not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug. In some embodiments, the design of a prodrug increases the effective water solubility. An example, without limitation, of a prodrug is a compound described herein, which is administered as an ester (the “prodrug”) to facilitate transmittal across a cell membrane where water solubility is detrimental to mobility but which then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity, once inside the cell where water-solubility is beneficial. A further example of a prodrug might be a short peptide (polyaminoacid) bonded to an acid group where the peptide is metabolized to reveal the active moiety. In certain embodiments, upon in vivo administration, a prodrug is chemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically, or therapeutically active form of the compound. In certain embodiments, a prodrug is enzymatically metabolized by one or more steps or processes to the biologically, pharmaceutically, or therapeutically active form of the compound.

In one aspect, prodrugs are designed to alter the metabolic stability or the transport characteristics of a drug, to mask side effects or toxicity, to improve the flavor of a drug or to alter other characteristics or properties of a drug. By virtue of knowledge of pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic processes and drug metabolism in vivo, once a pharmaceutically active compound is known, the design of prodrugs of the compound is possible. (see, for example, Nogrady (1985) Medicinal Chemistry A Biochemical Approach, Oxford University Press, New York, pages 388-392; Silverman (1992), The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, pages 352-401, Rooseboom et al., Pharmacological Reviews, 56:53-102, 2004; Aesop Cho, “Recent Advances in Oral Prodrug Discovery”, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 41, 395-407, 2006; T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series).

In some cases, some of the herein-described compounds may be a prodrug for another derivative or active compound.

In some embodiments, sites on the aromatic ring portion of compounds described herein are susceptible to various metabolic reactions Therefore incorporation of appropriate substituents on the aromatic ring structures will reduce, minimize, or eliminate this metabolic pathway. In specific embodiments, the appropriate substituent to decrease or eliminate the susceptibility of the aromatic ring to metabolic reactions is, by way of example only, a halogen, or an alkyl group.

In another embodiment, the compounds described herein are labeled isotopically (e.g. with a radioisotope) or by another other means, including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels, or chemiluminescent labels.

Compounds described herein include isotopically-labeled compounds, which are identical to those recited in the various formulae and structures presented herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into the present compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, fluorine and chlorine, such as, for example, ²H, ₃h, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, ³ ₆cl. In one aspect, isotopically-labeled compounds described herein, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as ³H and ¹⁴C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. In one aspect, substitution with isotopes such as deuterium affords certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements.

In additional or further embodiments, the compounds described herein are metabolized upon administration to an organism in need to produce a metabolite that is then used to produce a desired effect, including a desired therapeutic effect.

Compounds described herein may be formed as, and/or used as, pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

The type of pharmaceutical acceptable salts, include, but are not limited to: (1) acid addition salts, formed by reacting the free base form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable: inorganic acid, such as, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, and the like; or with an organic acid, such as, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo-[2.2.2]oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 4,4′-methylenebis-(3-hydroxy-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid), 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, butyric acid, phenylacetic acid, phenylbutyric acid, valproic acid, and the like; (2) salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion (e.g. lithium, sodium, potassium), an alkaline earth ion (e.g. magnesium, or calcium), or an aluminum ion. In some cases, compounds described herein may coordinate with an organic base, such as, but not limited to, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, dicyclohexylamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine. In other cases, compounds described herein may form salts with amino acids such as, but not limited to, arginine, lysine, and the like. Acceptable inorganic bases used to form salts with compounds that include an acidic proton, include, but are not limited to, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and the like.

It should be understood that a reference to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes the solvent addition forms, particularly solvates. Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and may be formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. In some embodiments, solvates of compounds described herein are conveniently prepared or formed during the processes described herein. In addition, the compounds provided herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the compounds and methods provided herein.

TABLE 1F Exemplary SMSM compounds Compound ID Name Structure SMSM 70802 2-(6-((3- fluoropropyl)(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)amino)pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenol

SMSM 70803 2-(6-(((1R,3R,5S)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)(methyl)amino)pyridazin- 3-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenol

Pharmaceutical Compositions

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions. Pharmaceutical compositions are formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredients that facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations that can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. A summary of pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be found, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Nineteenth Ed (Easton, Pa.: Mack Publishing Company, 1995); Hoover, John E., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 1975; Liberman, H. A. and Lachman, L., Eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980; and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Seventh Ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1999), herein incorporated by reference for such disclosure.

A pharmaceutical composition can be a mixture of an SMSM described herein with one or more other chemical components (i.e., pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients), such as carriers, excipients, binders, filling agents, suspending agents, flavoring agents, sweetening agents, disintegrating agents, dispersing agents, surfactants, lubricants, colorants, diluents, solubilizers, moistening agents, plasticizers, stabilizers, penetration enhancers, wetting agents, anti-foaming agents, antioxidants, preservatives, or one or more combination thereof. The pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to an organism.

The compositions described herein can be administered to the subject in a variety of ways, including parenterally, intravenously, intradermally, intramuscularly, colonically, rectally, or intraperitoneally. In some embodiments, the small molecule splicing modulator or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered by intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection, or intravenous injection of the subject. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions can be administered parenterally, intravenously, intramuscularly or orally. The oral agents comprising a small molecule splicing modulator can be in any suitable form for oral administration, such as liquid, tablets, capsules, or the like. The oral formulations can be further coated or treated to prevent or reduce dissolution in stomach. The compositions of the present invention can be administered to a subject using any suitable methods known in the art. Suitable formulations for use in the present invention and methods of delivery are generally well known in the art. For example, the small molecule splicing modulators described herein can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier, or excipient. The compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions including pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents and the like, such as, for example, sodium acetate, sodium lactate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, etc.

Pharmaceutical formulations described herein can be administrable to a subject in a variety of ways by multiple administration routes, including but not limited to, oral, parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intramedullary injections, intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intralymphatic, intranasal injections), intranasal, buccal, topical or transdermal administration routes. The pharmaceutical formulations described herein include, but are not limited to, aqueous liquid dispersions, self-emulsifying dispersions, solid solutions, liposomal dispersions, aerosols, solid dosage forms, powders, immediate release formulations, controlled release formulations, fast melt formulations, tablets, capsules, pills, delayed release formulations, extended release formulations, pulsatile release formulations, multiparticulate formulations, and mixed immediate and controlled release formulations.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is in the form of a tablet. In other embodiments, pharmaceutical formulations containing an SMSM described herein are in the form of a capsule. In one aspect, liquid formulation dosage forms for oral administration are in the form of aqueous suspensions or solutions selected from the group including, but not limited to, aqueous oral dispersions, emulsions, solutions, elixirs, gels, and syrups.

For administration by inhalation, an SMSM described herein can be formulated for use as an aerosol, a mist, or a powder. For buccal or sublingual administration, the compositions may take the form of tablets, lozenges, or gels formulated in a conventional manner. In some embodiments, an SMSM described herein can be prepared as transdermal dosage forms. In some embodiments, an SMSM described herein can be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition suitable for intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous injection. In some embodiments, an SMSM described herein can be administered topically and can be formulated into a variety of topically administrable compositions, such as solutions, suspensions, lotions, gels, pastes, medicated sticks, balms, creams, or ointments. In some embodiments, an SMSM described herein can be formulated in rectal compositions such as enemas, rectal gels, rectal foams, rectal aerosols, suppositories, jelly suppositories, or retention enemas.

Splicing

Extensive posttranscriptional processing occurs before eukaryotic pre-mRNA matures and exits from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, including the addition of a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5′ end, the cleavage and addition of a poly-A tail at the 3′ end as well as the removal of intervening sequences or introns by the spliceosome. The vast majority of higher eukaryotic genes contain multiple introns that are spliced out with high precision and fidelity in order to maintain the reading frame of the exons. Splicing of pre-mRNA can utilize the recognition of short consensus sequences at the boundaries and within introns and exons by an array of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complexes (e.g., snRNPs U1, U2, U4, U5, U6, U11, U12m U4atc and U₆ atc) and a large number of proteins, including spliceosomal proteins and positively as well as negatively acting splicing modulators.

Serine-arginine-rich (SR)-domain-containing proteins generally serve to promote constitutive splicing. They can also modulate alternative splicing by binding to intronic or exonic splicing enhancer (ISE) or ESE, respectively) sequences. Other pre-mRNA binding proteins, such as hnRNPs, regulate splicing by binding to intronic or exonic splicing suppressor (ISS or ESS, respectively) sequences and can also act as general splicing modulators. The SR protein family is a class of at least 10 proteins that have a characteristic serine/arginine rich domain in addition to an RNA-binding. SR proteins are generally thought to enhance splicing by simultaneously binding to U170K, a core component of the U1 snRNP, at the 5′ splice site, and the U2AF35 at the 3′ splice site, thus bridging the two ends of the intron. While this particular function of SR proteins seems to be redundant, as any individual SR protein can commit a pre-mRNA for constitutive splicing, the role of the various SR proteins in alternative splicing of specific pre-mRNAs is distinct due in part to their ability to recognize and bind to unique consensus sequences. Phosphorylation of the RS domain of SR proteins can lead to the regulation of their protein interactions, RNA binding, localization, trafficking, and role in alternative splicing. Several cellular kinases that phosphorylate SR proteins have been identified, including SR protein Kinase (SRPKs), Cdc2-like kinases (Clks), pre-mRNA processing mutant 4 (PRP4), and topoisomerase I. Optimal phosphorylation of SR proteins may be required for proper functioning as both hypo- and hyperphosphorylation of the RS domains may be detrimental to their role in constitutive and alternative splicing.

In higher eukaryotes, the vast majority of genes contain one or more introns, which creates a situation in which the exons are spliced together to generate mature mRNA and microRNA (miRNA). In the host nucleus, pre-mRNA splicing is the mechanism by which introns are removed from a pre-mRNA and the exons are ligated together to generate mature mRNAs and pre-miRNA that is then exported to the cytoplasm for translation into the polypeptide gene product. Splicing of pre-mRNA can occur in cis, where two exons derive from two adjacent cotranscribed sequences, or in trans, when the two exons come from different pre-mRNA transcripts. The ratio of the different protein products (isoforms) may be due to the frequency of alternative splicing events within a pre-mRNA that leads to different amounts of distinct splice variants. In some embodiments, alternative splicing of a pre-mRNA may lead to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 protein isoforms being expressed.

Aberrations in splicing are thought to be the cause of roughly half of all inherited diseases. Aberrant splicing due to mutations in the consensus sequences involved in exon-intron boundary recognition are responsible for up to 15% of inherited diseases. In addition, defects in the splicing machinery itself due to the loss or gain of function of splicing factors and modulators are causes of a wide range of human ailments from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases. Both constitutive and alternative splicing are subject to regulation by upstream signaling pathways. This regulation can be essential during development, in tissue specific expression of certain isoforms, during the cell cycle and in response to extrinsic signaling molecules.

Alternative splicing allows for a single gene to express different isoforms of mRNA, thus playing a major role in contributing to the cellular complexity in higher eukaryotes without the need to expand the genome. Global surveying of the human transcriptome estimates that up to 95% of multiexon genes undergo alternative splicing. These events are highly regulated by numerous splicing factors in a tissue type-, developmental stage-, and signal-dependent manner. Aberrations in splicing due to mutations in the pre-mRNA in the exon-intron boundary are responsible for up to 15% of inherited diseases. Furthermore, non-mutation based causes of splicing defects and defects in the splicing machinery itself, e.g., due to the loss/gain of function of splicing factors or their relative stoichiometry, cause of a wide range of human ailments, ranging from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases. Splicing can also be subject to regulation by upstream signaling pathways.

In many diseases the disease state is caused by an alteration of the ratio of different isoforms of two or more proteins expressed from a gene. In some embodiments, the alteration in the ratio of the protein products is due to changes in the frequency of alternative splicing events within a pre-mRNA, leading to changes in the ratio of splice variants produced. In some embodiments, alternative splicing of a pre-mRNA may lead to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 protein isoforms being expressed. In some embodiments, a change in the splice variant ratio is caused by genetic mutation.

In eukaryotes, the vast majority of splicing processes are catalyzed by the spliceosome, an RNA-protein complex that occurs in unique steps and may comprise a subset of several hundred different proteins, in addition to five spliceosomal snRNAs. These factors are responsible for the accurate positioning of the spliceosome on the 5′ and 3′ splice site sequences. The reason why so many factors are needed reflects the observation that exon recognition can be affected by many pre-mRNA features such as exon length, sequence recognition, the presence of enhancer and silencer elements, the strength of upstream splicing signals, the promoter architecture, and the rate of RNA processivity, secondary and tertiary RNA structure.

All mammalian diseases are ultimately mediated by the transcriptome. Insofar as messenger mRNA (mRNA) is part of the transcriptome, and all protein expression derives from mRNAs, there is the potential to intervene in protein-mediated diseases by modulating the expression of the relevant protein and by, in turn, modulating the translation of the corresponding upstream mRNA. But mRNA is only a small portion of the transcriptome: other transcribed RNAs also regulate cellular biology either directly by the structure and function of RNA structures (e.g., ribonucleoproteins) as well as via protein expression and action, including (but not limited to) microRNA (miRNA), long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), long intergenic noncoding RNA (lincRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small Cajal body-specific RNA (scaRNA), piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), competing endogenous (ceRNA), and cryptic-genes. Drugs that intervene at this level have the potential of modulating any and all cellular processes. Existing therapeutic modalities such as antisense RNA or siRNA, in most cases, have yet to overcome significant challenges such as drug delivery, absorption, distribution to target organs, pharmacokinetics, and cell penetration. In contrast, small molecules have a long history of successfully surmounting these barriers and these qualities, which make them suitable as drugs, are readily optimized through a series of analogues to overcome such challenges. In sharp contrast, the application of small molecules as ligands for RNA that yield therapeutic benefit has received little to no attention from the drug discovery community.

DNA sequences in the chromosome are transcribed into pre-mRNAs which contain coding regions (exons) and generally also contain intervening non-coding regions (introns). Introns are removed from pre-mRNAs through splicing. Pre-mRNA splicing proceeds by a two-step mechanism. In the first step, the 5′ splice site is cleaved, resulting in a “free” 5′ exon and a lariat intermediate. In the second step, the 5′ exon is ligated to the 3′ exon with release of the intron as the lariat product. These steps are catalyzed in a complex of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins and proteins called the spliceosome.

In most cases, the splicing reaction occurs within the same pre-mRNA molecule, which is termed cis-splicing. Splicing between two independently transcribed pre-mRNAs is termed trans-splicing.

Introns are portions of eukaryotic DNA, which intervene between the coding portions, or “exons,” of that DNA. Introns and exons are transcribed into RNA termed “primary transcript, precursor to mRNA” (or “pre-mRNA”). Introns can be removed from the pre-mRNA so that the native protein encoded by the exons can be produced (the term “native protein” as used herein refers to naturally occurring, wild type, or functional protein). The removal of introns from pre-mRNA and subsequent joining of the exons is carried out in the splicing process.

The splicing process is a series of reactions, which are carried out on RNA after transcription but before translation and which are mediated by splicing factors. Thus, a “pre-mRNA” can be an RNA that contains both exons and intron(s), and a mature mRNA (“mRNA”) can be an RNA in which the intron(s) have been removed and the exons joined together sequentially so that the protein may be translated therefrom by the ribosomes.

Introns can be defined by a set of “splice elements” that are part of the splicing machinery and may be required for splicing and which are relatively short, conserved RNA segments that bind the various splicing factors, which carry out the splicing reactions. Thus, each intron is defined by a 5′ splice site, a 3′ splice site, and a branch point situated there between. Splice elements also comprise exon splicing enhancers and silencers, situated in exons, and intron splicing enhancers and silencers situated in introns at a distance from the splice sites and branch points. In addition to splice site and branch points these elements control alternative aberrant and constitutive splicing.

Initial RNA transcripts (pre-mRNA) of most eukaryotic genes are retained in the nucleus until non-coding intron sequences are removed by the spliceosome to produce mature messenger RNA (mRNA). The splicing that occurs can vary, so the synthesis of alternative protein products from the same primary transcript can be affected by tissue-specific or developmental signals. A significant fraction of human genetic diseases, including a number of cancers, are believed to result from deviations in the normal pattern of pre-mRNA splicing. The spliceosome is a multi-mega Dalton complex of ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particles, which are each composed of one or more uridine-rich small nuclear RNAs and several proteins. The snRNA components of the spliceosome promote the two transesterification reactions of splicing, among other functions.

Two unique spliceosomes coexist in most eukaryotes: the U2-dependent spliceosome, which catalyzes the removal of U2-type introns, and the less abundant U12-dependent spliceosome, which is present in only a subset of eukaryotes and splices the rare U12-type class of introns. The U2-dependent spliceosome is assembled from the U1, U2, U5, and U4/U6 snRNPs and numerous non-snRNP proteins. The U2 snRNP is recruited with two weakly bound protein subunits, SF3a and SF3b, during the first ATP-dependent step in spliceosome assembly. SF3b is composed of seven conserved proteins, including PHF5α, SF3b155, SF3b145, SF3b130, SF3b49, SF3b14a, and SF3b10.

Splicing or RNA splicing typically refers to the editing of the nascent precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript into a mature messenger RNA (mRNA). Splicing is a biochemical process which includes the removal of introns followed by exon ligation. Sequential transesterification reactions are initiated by a nucleophilic attack of the 5′ splice site (5′ss) by the branch adenosine (branch point; BP) in the downstream intron resulting in the formation of an intron lariat intermediate with a 2′, 5′-phosphodiester linkage. This is followed by a 5′ss-mediated attack on the 3′ splice site (3′ss), leading to the removal of the intron lariat and the formation of the spliced RNA product.

Splicing can be regulated by various cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors. Cis-acting elements are sequences of the mRNA and can include core consensus sequences and other regulatory elements.

Core consensus sequences typically can refer to conserved RNA sequence motifs, including the 5′ss, 3′ss, polypyrimidine tract and BP region, which can function for spliceosome recruitment. BP refers to a partially conserved sequence of pre-mRNA, generally less than 50 nucleotides upstream of the 3′ss. BP reacts with the 5′ss during the first step of the splicing reaction. Other regulatory cis-acting elements can include exonic splicing enhancer (ESE), exonic splicing silencer (ESS), intronic splicing enhancer (ISE), and intronic splicing silencer (ISS). Trans-acting factors can be proteins or ribonucleoproteins which bind to cis-acting elements.

Splice site identification and regulated splicing can be accomplished principally by two dynamic macromolecular machines, the major (U2-dependent) and minor (U12-dependent) spliceosomes. Each spliceosome contains five snRNPs: U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6 snRNPs for the major spliceosome (which processes ˜95.5% of all introns); and U11, U12, U4atac, U5 and U₆ atac snRNPs for the minor spliceosome. Spliceosome recognition of consensus sequence elements at the 5′ss, 3′ss and BP sites is one of the steps in the splicing pathway, and can be modulated by ESEs, ISEs, ESSs, and ISSs, which can be recognized by auxiliary splicing factors, including SR proteins and hnRNPs. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTBP) can bind to the polypyrimidine tract of introns and may promote RNA looping.

Alternative splicing is a mechanism by which a single gene may eventually give rise to several different proteins. Alternative splicing can be accomplished by the concerted action of a variety of different proteins, termed “alternative splicing regulatory proteins,” that associate with the pre-mRNA, and cause distinct alternative exons to be included in the mature mRNA. These alternative forms of the gene's transcript can give rise to distinct isoforms of the specified protein. Sequences in pre-mRNA molecules that can bind to alternative splicing regulatory proteins can be found in introns or exons, including, but not limited to, ISS, ISE, ESS, ESE, and polypyrimidine tract. Many mutations can alter splicing patterns. For example, mutations can be located in cis-acting elements, and can be located in core consensus sequences (e.g., 5′ss, 3′ss, and BP) or the regulatory elements that modulate spliceosome recruitment, including ESE, ESS, ISE, and ISS.

A cryptic splice site (ss), for example, a cryptic 5′ss and a cryptic 3′ss, can refer to a splice site that is not normally recognized by the spliceosome and therefore is in the dormant state. A cryptic splice site can be recognized or activated either by mutations in cis-acting elements or trans-acting factors.

Products of alternative splicing are tightly monitored and regulated in eukaryotic cells. One of mRNA quality-control mechanism is nonsense-mediated mRNA decay or nonsense-mediated degradation (NMD), where pre-mRNA splicing marks newly synthesized transcripts at least until the first round of translation. Aberrant transcripts that harbor a premature termination codon (PTC) are recognized by multiple NMD related factors and degraded. Naturally occurring PTCs may be a result of faulty splicing, nonsense mutation(s), or mistakes in transcription. Differential recognition and degradation of PTC-harboring transcripts can also be involved in the inheritance pattern of genetic traits or diseases due to the location of the PTC's location. For example, when a PTC mutation is located 5′ to the NMD junction, NMD will degrade the transcript, depleting the truncated peptide product from the cell, and preventing its toxic effects. This means that a heterozygous carrier of the mutated gene can still rely on the wild type allele for proper function, leading to an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. When a PTC mutation is located 3′ to the NMD junction, it is not recognized by NMD, allowing the truncated peptide product to accumulate, potentially causing damage to the cell, which leads to an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.

In addition to downregulation of abnormal transcripts, NMD also functions in fine-tuning of gene expression to maintain an appropriate level of transcripts or transcript isoforms in response to cellular needs in processes such as development, stress response, and immune response.

In human, key factors involved in NMD include exon junction complex (EJC) proteins and up-frameshift proteins (UPFs). EJCs are deposited about 20-24 nucleotides upstream of the majority of exon-exon junctions. UPF1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that hydrolyzes ATP and unwinds RNA in the 5′ to 3′-direction. During NMD, UPF1 associates with the termination codon through the translational termination complex, consisting of eukaryotic release factor 1 (eRF1, also known as ETF1) and eRF3a/eRF3b (GSPT1/GSPT2), as well as other NMD factors including SMG1, SMG8, and SMG9. UPF3A and UPF3b generally associate with EJCs deposited in the nucleus upstream of newly spliced exon-exon junctions, while UPF2 generally associate with EJCs after newly synthesized mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm.

When UPF1, SMG1, SMG6, SMG8, SMG9, and the eRF1 proteins form a complex at a termination codon, a single 3′-EJC deposited at an exon-exon junction residing more than ˜50-55 nucleotides downstream of the termination codon may be sufficient to interact with the UPF1 complex and trigger NMD. In addition, related to NMD's role in fine-tuning expression, other signals such as a complete open reading frame upstream of a termination codon, a long 3′ UTR, introns downstream of a termination codon may also trigger NMD.

In mammals, a splicing product harboring a PTC at least ˜50 to 55 nucleotides upstream of the final exon-exon junction are generally efficiently degraded. Inclusion of an exon in a transcript may trigger NMD, resulting in degradation of the transcript. For example, an exon may introduce a PTC such as an early in-frame stop codon. For example, the PTC may be in the introduced exon or an exon downstream of the introduced exon. Such an exon is known as a poison exon.

A poison exon may comprise a nonsense mutation, a bulge, or frame-shifting of the following exon. Inclusion of a poison exon may cause a reading frame shift in an exon downstream of the poison exon, for example, an exon immediately following the poison exon. As a result of the frame-shift, the exon downstream of the poison exon may include a stop codon which was not in frame prior to the frame-shift caused by inclusion of the poison exon. If the newly-shifted stop codon in the downstream exon is an early stop codon, NMD may be triggered. A poison exon may also refer to any exon the inclusion of which triggers NMD and degradation of the transcript.

A cryptic exon is an intronic sequence that may be flanked by apparent consensus splice sites but are generally not spliced into the mature mRNA or the product of splicing. A poison exon could be a cryptic exon. A cryptic exon flanked by cryptic splice sites is a sequence that may contain only partial native exon sequence or entire native exon sequence with an extra intronic sequence.

NMD is involved in regulation of a number of disease-related mRNAs, including transcript abundance and/or stability in abnormal susceptibility to mycobacterial infection, robinow syndrome, brachydactyly type B, von Willebrand disease, Becker disease, Leber congenital amaurosis, Thomsen disease factor X deficiency, β-thalassemia, retinitis pigmentosa and blindness, Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, Sandhoff disease, Marfan syndrome, multiple cancers, triosphosphate isomerase (TPI) deficiency, autism, prior-induced neurodegeneration, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelinating leukodystrophy, Waardenburg syndrome and Hirschsprung disease (PCWH), congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy (MPZ), Dejerine-Sottas neuropathy (DNS),Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1B (CMTIB), supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAC), congential cutis laxa, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), small vessel brain disease and Hereditary angiopathy with nephropathy, aneurysms, and muscle cramps (HANAC) syndrome, Leigh syndrome and respiratory complex I deficiency, spherocytosis and renal tubular acidosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and infantile-onset ascending spastic paralysis, Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome (GCS), Pallister-Hall syndrome (PHS) and acrocallosal syndrome. For the examples given, NMD may alter the manifestation of disease traits by converting the dominant-negative expression of the mutated protein to haploinsufficiency, therefore leading to milder disease pathology.

Splicing Modulation of Target Gene Products

The present invention contemplates use of small molecules with favorable drug properties that modulate the activity of splicing of a target RNA. Provided herein are small molecule splicing modulators (SMSMs) that modulate splicing of a polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the SMSMs bind and modulate target RNA. In some embodiments, provided herein is a library of SMSMs that bind and modulate one or more target RNAs. In some embodiments, the target RNA is mRNA. In some embodiments, the target RNA is mRNA a noncoding RNA. In some embodiments, the target RNA is a pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the target RNA is hnRNA. In some embodiments, the small molecules modulate splicing of the target RNA. In some embodiments, a small molecule provided herein modulates splicing at a sequence of the target RNA. In some embodiments, a small molecule provided herein modulates splicing at a cryptic splice site sequence of the target RNA. In some embodiments, a small molecule provided herein modulates splicing at a native splice site sequence of the target RNA. In some embodiments, a small molecule provided herein binds to a target RNA. In some embodiments, a small molecule provided herein binds to a splicing complex component. In some embodiments, a small molecule provided herein binds to a target RNA and a splicing complex component.

Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products, such as ARID1B pre-m RNA for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of diseases or conditions (e.g., ovarian cancer or endometrial cancer). Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds induce a post-transcriptionally unstable variant or transcript of a gene product. In some embodiments, an ARID1B transcript harbors a poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon results in a frame-shift in a downstream exon, for example in an exon immediately following the poison exon. In some embodiments, the frame-shift in a downstream exon contains an in-frame stop codon that would not be in frame in the absence of inclusion of the poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon comprises an in-frame PTC. In some embodiments, the poison exon triggers NMD and degradation of the transcript. Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds repress a transcript of a gene product. In some embodiments, the gene product is ARID1B.

Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products, such as POLQ pre-m RNA for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of diseases or conditions (e.g., ovarian cancer or breast cancer). Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds induce a post-transcriptionally unstable variant or transcript of a gene product. In some embodiments, a POLQ transcript harbors a poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon results in a frame-shift in a downstream exon, for example in an exon immediately following the poison exon. In some embodiments, the frame-shift in a downstream exon contains an in-frame stop codon that would not be in frame in the absence of inclusion of the poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon comprises an in-frame PTC. In some embodiments, the poison exon triggers NMD and degradation of the transcript. Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds repress a transcript of a gene product.

In some embodiments, the gene product is POLQ.

Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products, such as WRN pre-m RNA for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of diseases or conditions (e.g., colon cancer, Lynch syndrome, or MSI). Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds induce a post-transcriptionally unstable variant or transcript of a gene product. In some embodiments, a WRN transcript harbors a poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon results in a frame-shift in a downstream exon, for example in an exon immediately following the poison exon. In some embodiments, the frame-shift in a downstream exon contains an in-frame stop codon that would not be in frame in the absence of inclusion of the poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon comprises an in-frame PTC. In some embodiments, the poison exon triggers NMD and degradation of the transcript. Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds repress a transcript of a gene product. In some embodiments, the gene product is WRN.

Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products, such as PDE7A pre-m RNA for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of diseases or conditions (e.g., Leukemia). Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds induce a post-transcriptionally unstable variant or transcript of a gene product. In some embodiments, a PDE7A transcript harbors a poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon results in a frame-shift in a downstream exon, for example in an exon immediately following the poison exon. In some embodiments, the frame-shift in a downstream exon contains an in-frame stop codon that would not be in frame in the absence of inclusion of the poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon comprises an in-frame PTC. In some embodiments, the poison exon triggers NMD and degradation of the transcript. Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds repress a transcript of a gene product. In some embodiments, the gene product is PDE7A.

Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products, such as GCFC2 pre-m RNA for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of diseases or conditions (e.g., Dyslexia or reading disorder). Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds induce a post-transcriptionally unstable variant or transcript of a gene product. In some embodiments, a GCFC2 transcript harbors a poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon results in a frame-shift in a downstream exon, for example in an exon immediately following the poison exon. In some embodiments, the frame-shift in a downstream exon contains an in-frame stop codon that would not be in frame in the absence of inclusion of the poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon comprises an in-frame PTC. In some embodiments, the poison exon triggers NMD and degradation of the transcript. Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds repress a transcript of a gene product. In some embodiments, the gene product is GCFC2.

Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products, such as ZMYM6 pre-m RNA for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of diseases or conditions (e.g., Myasthenic syndrome, congenital, 6, presynaptic). Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds induce a post-transcriptionally unstable variant or transcript of a gene product. In some embodiments, a ZMYM6 transcript harbors a poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon results in a frame-shift in a downstream exon, for example in an exon immediately following the poison exon. In some embodiments, the frame-shift in a downstream exon contains an in-frame stop codon that would not be in frame in the absence of inclusion of the poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon comprises an in-frame PTC. In some embodiments, the poison exon triggers NMD and degradation of the transcript. Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds repress a transcript of a gene product. In some embodiments, the gene product is ZMYM6.

Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products, such as FHOD3 pre-m RNA for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of diseases or conditions (e.g., Ischemic heart disease or dilated cardiomyopathy). Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds induce a post-transcriptionally unstable variant or transcript of a gene product. In some embodiments, a FHOD3 transcript harbors a poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon results in a frame-shift in a downstream exon, for example in an exon immediately following the poison exon. In some embodiments, the frame-shift in a downstream exon contains an in-frame stop codon that would not be in frame in the absence of inclusion of the poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon comprises an in-frame PTC. In some embodiments, the poison exon triggers NMD and degradation of the transcript. Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds repress a transcript of a gene product. In some embodiments, the gene product is FHOD3.

Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products, such as CTNS pre-m RNA for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of diseases or conditions (e.g., Cystinosis). Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds induce a post-transcriptionally unstable variant or transcript of a gene product. In some embodiments, a CTNS transcript harbors a poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon results in a frame-shift in a downstream exon, for example in an exon immediately following the poison exon. In some embodiments, the frame-shift in a downstream exon contains an in-frame stop codon that would not be in frame in the absence of inclusion of the poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon comprises an in-frame PTC. In some embodiments, the poison exon triggers NMD and degradation of the transcript. Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds repress a transcript of a gene product. In some embodiments, the gene product is CTNS.

Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products, such as EXOC3 pre-m RNA for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of diseases or conditions (e.g., cancers). Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds induce a post-transcriptionally unstable variant or transcript of a gene product. In some embodiments, a EXOC3 transcript harbors a poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon results in a frame-shift in a downstream exon, for example in an exon immediately following the poison exon. In some embodiments, the frame-shift in a downstream exon contains an in-frame stop codon that would not be in frame in the absence of inclusion of the poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon comprises an in-frame PTC. In some embodiments, the poison exon triggers NMD and degradation of the transcript. Described herein are compounds modifying splicing of gene products wherein the compounds repress a transcript of a gene product. In some embodiments, the gene product is EXOC3.

Modulation of splicing by the compounds described herein includes, but is not limited to, modulation of naturally occurring splicing, splicing of an RNA expressed in a diseased cell, splicing of cryptic splice site sequences of an RNA, or alternative splicing. Modulation of splicing by the compounds described herein can restore or promote correct splicing or a desired splicing event. Modulation of splicing by the compounds described herein can block a splicing event. Modulation of splicing by the compounds described herein includes, but is not limited to, prevention of aberrant splicing events, e.g., splicing events caused by mutations or aberrant secondary or tertiary structures of RNA that are associated with conditions and diseases. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein prevent or inhibit splicing at a splice site sequence. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein promote or increase splicing at a splice site sequence. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein inhibit a splicing event at a splice site that results in inclusion of an exon. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein promote a splicing event at a splice site that results in inclusion of an exon. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein promote a splicing event at a splice site that results in inclusion of an exon and an intron immediately following the exon. In some embodiments, the exon is a cryptic exon. In some embodiments, the exon is a poison exon. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein modulate splicing at a specific splice site sequence.

In some embodiments, a mutation in native DNA and/or pre-mRNA, or an aberrant secondary or tertiary structure of RNA, creates a new splice site sequence. For example, a mutation or aberrant RNA structure may cause native regions of the RNA that are normally dormant, or play no role as splicing elements, to become activated and serve as splicing elements. Such elements can be referred to as “cryptic” elements. For example, a mutation may create a new splice site between a native splice site and a native branch point. For example, a mutation may activate a cryptic branch point sequence between a native splice site and a native branch point. For example, a mutation may create a new splice site between a native branch point and a native splice site and may further activate a cryptic splice site and a cryptic branch point sequentially upstream from the aberrant mutated splice site. For example, a native intron may become divided into two aberrant introns, with a new exon situated there between.

In some embodiments, a mutation in native DNA and/or pre-mRNA inhibits splicing at a splice site. For example, a mutation may introduce a new splice site upstream from (i.e., 5′ to) or downstream (i.e., 3′ to) a native splice site sequence and downstream from (i.e., 3′ to) a native branch point sequence. The native splice site sequence and the native branch point sequence may serve as members of both the native set of splice site sequences and the aberrant set of splice site sequences.

In some embodiments, a native splice element (e.g., a branch point) is also a member of the set of aberrant splice elements. For example, SMSMs provided herein can block the native element and activate a cryptic element (e.g., a cryptic 5′ss, a cryptic 3′ss or a cryptic branch point), which may recruit remaining members of the native set of splice elements to promote correct splicing over incorrect splicing. In some embodiments, an activated cryptic splice element is in an intron. In some embodiments, an activated cryptic splice element is in an exon. The compounds and methods provided herein can be used to block or activate a variety of different splice elements, depending on the type of aberrant splice element (e.g., mutated splice element or non-mutated splice element) and/or depending on regulation of a splice element (e.g., regulation by upstream signaling pathways). For example, the compounds and methods provided herein can block a mutated element, a non-mutated element, a cryptic element, or a native element; it may block a 5′ splice site, a 3′ splice site, or a branch point; it may block a splicing factor binding site.

In some embodiments, an alternate splicing event can be modulated by employing the compounds provided herein. For example, a compound provided herein can be introduced into a cell in which a gene is present that encodes a pre-mRNA that comprises alternate splice sites. In some embodiments, in the absence of the compound, a first splicing event occurs to produce a gene product having a particular function. For example, in the presence of the compound provided herein, the first splicing event can be inhibited. In some embodiments, in the presence of the compound provided herein, the first splicing event can be inhibited and a second or alternate splicing event occurs, resulting in expression of the same gene to produce a gene product having a different function.

In some embodiments, an alternative splicing event can be prohibited or promoted by employing the compounds provided herein. For example, a compound provided herein can be introduced to a cell in which a gene is present that encodes a pre-mRNA that comprises alternate splice sites. In some embodiments, in the absence of the compound, a first splicing event is inhibited. In some embodiments, a first inhibited splicing event (e.g., a splicing event inhibited by a mutation, a mutation-induced bulge, or a non-mutation induced bulge), is promoted or enhanced in the presence of a compound provided herein. For example, the inhibition of the first splicing event (e.g., a splicing event inhibited by a mutation, a mutation-induced bulge or a non-mutation induced bulge) can be restored to a corresponding first splicing event that is uninhibited, in the presence of a compound provided herein; or the inhibition of the first splicing event can be decreased, in the presence of a compound provided herein. In some embodiments, a second or alternate splicing event occurs, resulting in expression of the same gene to produce a gene product having a different function.

In some embodiments, a first splicing event is promoted or enhanced in the presence of a compound provided herein. In some embodiments, a first splicing event is inhibited or decreased in the presence of a compound provided herein. In some embodiments, the first splicing event results in a polynucleotide that includes an exon that is normally not included in the absence of the compound provided herein. In some embodiments, the exon is a poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon immediately precedes the last exon in the spliced polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the poison exon comprises a termination codon. In some embodiments, the length of the poison exon is a number of nucleotides not dividable by 3, thereby resulting in a frame-shift in an exon following the poison exon, for example, an exon immediately following the poison exon. In some embodiments, the poison exon comprises a mutation. In some embodiments, the poison exon comprises an in-frame stop codon. In particular embodiments, the stop codon is a PTC. In some embodiments, the poison exon results in a frame-shift in an exon downstream of the poison exon, for example, an exon immediately following the poison exon. In some embodiments, the frame-shift in an exon downstream of the poison exon results in a stop codon that would not be in frame in the absence of inclusion of the poison exon in the spliced polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the poison exon comprises a termination codon at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, or 200 nucleotides upstream of the exon-exon junction immediately downstream of the termination codon. In some embodiments, the poison exon comprises a termination codon at least 50 nucleotides upstream of the exon-exon junction immediately downstream of the termination codon. In some embodiments, the poison exon comprises a termination codon at least 55 nucleotides upstream of the exon-exon junction immediately downstream of the termination codon. In some embodiments, the poison exon comprises a termination codon at least 60 nucleotides upstream of the exon-exon junction immediately downstream of the termination codon.

In some embodiments, the compounds provide herein modulates an alternative splicing event that involves inclusions of a poison exon in the spliced product. In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein promote inclusion of the poison exon in the spliced product. In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein modulate the ratio of a first spliced product to a second spliced product, wherein the first spliced product comprises a poison exon and the second spliced product does not comprise a poison exon. In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein modulates the ratio of a first product to a second product, wherein the first spliced product comprises a poison exon and an exon downstream of the poison exon that harbors an in-frame premature stop codon, and wherein the second spliced product does not comprise a poison exon, and wherein the exon downstream of the poison exon junction in the first spliced product does not harbor an in-frame premature stop codon. In certain embodiments, the poison exon is the last exon (the 3′ most exon) in the spliced product. In certain embodiments, the poison exon is not the last exon in the spliced product. In certain embodiments, the exon immediately downstream of the poison exon in the spliced product comprises a stop codon. In some embodiments, the exon immediately downstream of the poison exon in the spliced product comprises an in-frame stop codon that would not be in frame.

In some embodiments, the poison exon is of the length of about 10 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides, about 30 nucleotides, about 40 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, about 60 nucleotides, about 70 nucleotides, about 80 nucleotides, about 90 nucleotides, about 100 nucleotides, about 110 nucleotides, about 120 nucleotides, about 130 nucleotides, about 140 nucleotides, about 150 nucleotides, about 160 nucleotides, about 170 nucleotides, about 180 nucleotides, about 190 nucleotides, or about 200 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poison exon is of the length of at least 1000 nucleotides, at least 2000 nucleotides, at least 3000 nucleotides, at least 4000 nucleotides, at least 5000 nucleotides, at least 6000 nucleotides, at least 7000 nucleotides, at least 8000 nucleotides, at least 9000 nucleotides, at least 10,000 nucleotides, at least 20,000 nucleotides, at least 30,000 nucleotides, at least 40,000 nucleotides, at least 50,000 nucleotides, at least 60,000 nucleotides, at least 70,000 nucleotides, at least 80,000 nucleotides, at least 90,000 nucleotides, at least 100,000 nucleotides, at least 110,000 nucleotides, at least 120,000 nucleotides, at least 130,000 nucleotides, at least 140,000 nucleotides, or at least 150,000 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poison exon is 145 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the poison exon is 1709 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the poison exon is 94 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the poison exon is 104 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the poison exon is 117 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the poison exon is 57 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the poison exon is 92 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the poison exon is 110 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the poison exon is 172 nucleotides in length.

In some embodiments, the compounds provide herein modulates an alternative splicing event that involves inclusion of a poison exon and an intron immediately following the poison exon in the spliced product. In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein promote inclusion of the poison exon and the intron immediately following the exon in the spliced product. In some embodiments, the spliced product containing the poison exon and the intron immediately following the exon is retained in the nucleus. In some embodiment, the spliced product containing the poison exon and the intron immediately following the exon is not exported to the cytoplasm. In some embodiments, the spliced product containing the poison exon and the intron immediately following the exon accumulates in the nucleus. In some embodiments, the spliced product containing the poison exon and the intron immediately following the exon is not translated into a protein.

Thus, provided herein are methods of preventing or inducing a splicing event in a pre-mRNA molecule, comprising contacting the pre-mRNA molecule and/or other elements of the splicing machinery (e.g., within a cell) with a compound provided herein to prevent or induce the splicing event in the pre-mRNA molecule. The splicing event that is prevented or induced can be, e.g., an aberrant splicing event, a constitutive splicing event or an alternative splicing event.

Further provided herein is a method of identifying a compound capable of preventing or inducing a splicing event in a pre-mRNA molecule, e.g., a splicing event that includes a poison exon in the spliced product, comprising contacting the compound with splicing elements and/or factors involved in alternative, aberrant and/or constitutive splicing as described herein (e.g., within cells) under conditions whereby a positive (prevention or induction of splicing) or negative (no prevention or induction of splicing) effect is produced and detected and identifying a compound that produces a positive effect as a compound capable of preventing or inducing a splicing event.

In some embodiments, a small molecule compound described herein in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier prevents or induces an alternative or aberrant splicing event in a pre-mRNA molecule. As noted above, the small molecule compounds provided herein are not antisense or antigene oligonucleotides. Table 1A-Table 1F show the chemical structure or name of exemplary compounds and are not intended to be all-inclusive.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of downregulating expression of a native protein in a cell containing a DNA encoding the native protein, wherein the DNA contains a mutation or no mutation that causes upregulation of the native protein by aberrant and/or alternate splicing thereof. For example, the DNA can encode a pre-mRNA that has a mutation or an aberrant secondary or tertiary structure that causes upregulation of one or more isoforms of a protein. The method can comprise introducing into the cell a small molecule provided herein that prevents an aberrant splicing event, whereby the native intron is removed by correct splicing and the native protein is produced by the cell. In some embodiments, a method comprises introducing into a cell a small molecule provided herein that modulates an alternate splicing event to produce a protein that has a different function than the protein that would be produced without modulation of alternate splicing. For example, a method can comprise preventing aberrant splicing in a pre-mRNA molecule containing a mutation or an aberrant secondary or tertiary structure and/or preventing an alternative splicing event. When present in the pre-mRNA, the mutation or aberrant secondary or tertiary structure can cause a pre-mRNA to splice incorrectly and produce an aberrant mRNA or mRNA fragment different from the mRNA ordinarily resulting from a pre-mRNA without the mutation or aberrant secondary or tertiary structure. For example, a pre-mRNA molecule can contain: (i) a first set of splice elements defining a native intron which can be removed by splicing when the mutation or aberrant secondary or tertiary structure is absent to produce a first mRNA molecule encoding a native protein, and (ii) a second set of splice elements induced by the mutation or aberrant secondary or tertiary structure which defines an aberrant intron different from the native intron, which aberrant intron is removed by splicing when the mutation or aberrant secondary or tertiary structure is present to produce an aberrant second mRNA molecule different from the first mRNA molecule. The method can comprise contacting the pre-mRNA molecule and/or other factors and/or elements of the splicing machinery as described herein (e.g., within a cell) with a compound described herein to prevent or promote an aberrant splicing event in a pre-mRNA molecule, whereby the native intron is removed by correct splicing and native protein production is increased in the cell.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of downregulating expression of a protein in a cell containing a DNA encoding the protein, wherein the DNA contains a mutation or no mutation that causes upregulation of the protein. In some embodiments, the native protein is an aberrant form of the wild type protein. For example, the DNA can encode a pre-mRNA that has a mutation or an aberrant secondary or tertiary structure that causes upregulation of one or more protein, one or more isoforms of a protein, or over expansion of a fragment of the protein. The method can comprise introducing into the cell a small molecule provided herein that promotes a splicing event, whereby a non-native exon is included in the splicing product.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method comprising introducing into a cell a small molecule provided herein that modulates an alternate splicing event to produce an mRNA transcript that normally would be not be produced without modulation of alternate splicing by the small molecule provided herein. For example, a method can comprise decreasing the level of an mRNA molecule containing a mutation that can cause accumulation of an aberrant protein or an aberrant isoform of a protein. In some embodiments, the aberrant isoform of a protein comprises an overexpanded fragment of the wildtype protein. In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of decreasing the level of an mRNA molecule containing a mutation by promoting a splicing event that results in inclusion of an exon that would not be included in the absence of modulation of alternate splicing by the small molecule provided herein. In some embodiments, the exon is a poison exon. In some embodiments, inclusion of the poison exon results in degradation of the mRNA molecule resulted from splicing. The method can comprise contacting the pre-mRNA molecule and/or other factors and/or elements of the splicing machinery as described herein (e.g., within a cell) with a compound described herein to promote a splicing event in a pre-mRNA molecule, whereby the poison exon is included in the splicing product and production of the splicing product mRNA molecule and the protein encoded by the mRNA are decreased in the cell.

Also provided herein is a method of downregulating expression of a RNA that would otherwise be upregulated by modulating an alternative splicing event in the RNA. The method can comprise contacting a pre-mRNA molecule and/or other elements and/or factors of the splicing machinery with a compound described herein to modulate alternate splicing events, whereby a native splicing event is inhibited and an alternate splicing event is promoted that downregulates expression of a RNA that is otherwise upregulated when under the control of the native splicing event.

The methods, compounds, and compositions described herein have a variety of uses. For example, they are useful in any process where downregulating expression of an RNA to be expressed is desired. For such use, the RNA to be expressed may be any RNA encoding a protein to be produced so long as the gene contains a native intron. The RNA may be mutated by any suitable means, such as site-specific mutagenesis (see T. Kunkel, U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192) to deliberately create an aberrant second set of splice elements which define an aberrant intron which substantially downregulates expression of the gene. A sequence encoding the RNA may be inserted into a suitable expression vector and the expression vector inserted into a host cell (e.g., a eukaryotic cell such as a yeast, insect, or mammalian cell (e.g., human, rat)) by standard recombinant techniques. The host cell can then be grown in culture by standard techniques.

Also provided herein is a method of altering the ratio of splice variants produced from a gene. The method can comprise contacting a pre-mRNA molecule and/or other elements and/or factors of the splicing machinery with a compound or compounds described herein to modulate alternative splicing events. The compound or compounds of this invention can be used to act upon 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 alternative splicing events that may occur within a pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, a first splice variant may be downregulated or inhibited, resulting in an altered ratio of splice variants of the RNA. In some embodiments, a first splice variant may be upregulated while a second splice variant may be unaffected, thereby altering the ratio of the RNA. In some embodiments, a first splice variant may be downregulated while a second splicing variant may be unaffected thereby altering the ratio of the RNA. For example, a first splice variant may be downregulated by contacting the pre-mRNA molecule and/or other elements and/or factors of the splicing machinery with a compound or compounds described herein to include an NMD-inducing poison exon in the splicing product. In some embodiments, inclusion of the poison exon results in an in-frame stop codon upstream of an exon-exon junction of the first splice variant. In some embodiments, inclusion of the poison exon results in an in-frame stop codon upstream of the last exon-exon junction in the first splice variant. In some embodiments, inclusion of the poison exon results in an in-frame stop codon upstream of an exon-exon junction in the first splice variant and an in-frame stop codon downstream of an exon-exon junction in the second splice variant. In some embodiments, inclusion of the poison exon results in an in-frame shift. In some embodiments, inclusion of the poison exon results in the retention of the original reading frame. In some embodiments, inclusion of the poison exon results in an out-of-frame shift. In some embodiments, inclusion of the poison exon results in an in-frame open reading frame upstream of an exon-exon junction in the first splice variant.

The methods, compounds, and formulations described herein are also useful as in vitro or in vivo tools to examine and modulate splicing events in human or animal RNAs encoded by genes, e.g., those developmentally and/or tissue regulated (e.g., alternate splicing events).

The compounds and formulations described herein are also useful as therapeutic agents in the treatment of disease involving aberrant and/or alternate splicing. Thus, in some embodiments, a method of treating a subject having a condition or disorder associated with an alternative or aberrant splicing event in a pre-mRNA molecule, comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein to modulate an alternative splicing event or prevent an aberrant splicing event, thereby treating the subject. In some embodiments, a method of treating a subject having a condition or disorder associated with a gene comprising a mutation that encodes an aberrant mRNA and/or aberrant protein, comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein to modulate an alternative splicing event that promotes inclusion of a poly nucleotide sequence that would not be included in the absence of the compound described herein. In some embodiments, the spliced-in sequence is an exon. In some embodiment, the exon is a poison exon. The method can, e.g., reduce the amount of an mRNA and/or an aberrant form of an mRNA in cells contacted with the compound described herein through NMD mediated degradation. The method can, e.g., reduce the amount of a protein or an aberrant form of a protein through NMD mediated degradation. In some embodiments, the aberrant mRNA and/or protein is associated with a disease or a condition. In some embodiments, the aberrant mRNA and/or protein and/or protein is associate with disease related to expression level of a gene. In some embodiments, the mRNA and/or protein is associated with a disease related to overexpression of gene.

The compounds and formulations described herein are also useful as therapeutic agents in the treatment of disease involving heterozygous mutations. For example, the method can reduce the amount of the transcript harboring dominant mutation, thereby converting the dominant-negative expression of the mutated protein into haploinsufficiency and ameliorating disease symptoms.

Formulations containing the small molecules described herein can comprise a physiologically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as an aqueous carrier. Thus, formulations for use in the methods described herein include, but are not limited to, those suitable for oral administration, parenteral administration, including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous and intra-arterial administration, as well as topical administration (e.g., administration of an aerosolized formulation of respirable particles to the lungs of a patient afflicted with cystic fibrosis or lung cancer or a cream or lotion formulation for transdermal administration of patients with psoriasis). The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art. The most suitable route of administration in any given case may depend upon the subject, the nature and severity of the condition being treated, and the particular active compound, which is being used, as would be readily determined by one of skill in the art.

Also provided herein are methods for the use of a compound described herein having the characteristics set forth above for the preparation of a medicament for downregulating RNA expression in a patient having a disorder associated with aberrant or alternate splicing of a pre-mRNA molecule, as discussed above. In other embodiments, the medicament downregulates gene expression. In the manufacture of at medicament according to the invention, the compound can be admixed with, inter alia, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The carrier may be a solid or a liquid. One or more compounds may be incorporated in any combination in the formulations described herein, which may be prepared by any of the well-known techniques of pharmacy, such as admixing the components, and/or including one or more accessory therapeutic ingredients.

The present inventors identify herein low molecular weight compounds (sometimes referred to herein as small molecules), which block mRNA splicing and/or enhance (facilitate, augment) mRNA splicing. The splicing that can be regulated by the methods described herein include alternative splicing, e.g., partial intron exclusion, poison exon inclusion, and others. Depending on factors such as the splicing sequence and the RNA (or gene encoding the RNA) or exon involved, modulation of splicing can be accomplished in the presence of, or in the absence of, antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) that are specific for splicing sequences of interest. In some embodiments, a small molecule and an AO act synergistically.

In some aspects, a method comprises contacting a splice modulating compound (e.g., an SMSM) to a pre-mRNA that modulates splicing of the pre-mRNA to favor expression of a transcript that promotes cell proliferation. For example, an SMSM described herein can increase one or more isoforms of a transcript that promotes cell proliferation. For example, an SMSM described herein can inhibit expression of one or more isoforms of a transcript that prevents or inhibits cell proliferation. In some embodiments, the SMSM described herein inhibits expression of a transcript or expression of one or more isoforms of a transcript that prevents or inhibits cell proliferation by promoting inclusion of a poison exon in the transcript or the one or more isoforms of the transcript.

In some aspects, a method comprises contacting a splice modulating compound (e.g., an SMSM) to a pre-mRNA that modulates splicing of the pre-mRNA to favor expression of a transcript that prevents or inhibits cell proliferation. For example, an SMSM described herein can decrease expression one or more isoforms of a transcript that promotes cell proliferation. In some embodiments, the SMSM described herein inhibits expression of a transcript or expression of one or more isoforms of a transcript that promotes cell proliferation by promoting inclusion of a poison exon in the transcript or the one or more isoforms of the transcript. In some embodiments, the SMSM described herein promotes expression of a transcript or expression of one or more isoforms of a transcript that prevents or inhibits cell proliferation by preventing or inhibiting inclusion of a poison exon in the transcript or the one or more isoforms of the transcript.

In some embodiments, a method of modulating splicing of pre-mRNA comprises using an SMSM to decrease expression or functionality of one or more isoforms of a transcript in a subject. The method can comprise administering an SMSM, or a composition comprising an SMSM, to a subject, wherein the SMSM binds to a pre-mRNA or a splicing complex component and modulates splicing of the pre-mRNA to favor expression of one or more isoforms of a transcript. The method can comprise administering an SMSM, or a composition comprising an SMSM, to a subject, wherein the SMSM binds to a pre-mRNA or a splicing complex component and modulates splicing of the pre-mRNA to disfavor expression of one or more isoforms of a transcript.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating a subject afflicted with a disease or a condition associated with aberrant splicing of a pre-mRNA. The method can comprise administering an SMSM, or a composition comprising an SMSM, to a subject, wherein the SMSM binds to a pre-mRNA or a splicing complex component and modulates splicing of the pre-mRNA to inhibit expression of one or more isoforms of a transcript.

A number of diseases are associated with expression of an aberrant gene product (e.g., an RNA transcript or protein) of a gene. For example, aberrant amounts of a RNA transcript may lead to disease due to corresponding changes in protein expression. Changes in the amount of a particular RNA transcript may be the result of several factors. First, changes in the amount of RNA transcripts may be due to an aberrant level of transcription of a particular gene, such as by the perturbation of a transcription factor or a portion of the transcription process, resulting in a change in the expression level of a particular RNA transcript. Second, changes in the splicing of particular RNA transcripts, such as by perturbation of a particular splicing process or mutations in the gene that lead to modified splicing can change the levels of a particular RNA transcript. Changes to the stability of a particular RNA transcript or to components that maintain RNA transcript stability, such as the process of poly-A tail incorporation or an effect on certain factors or proteins that bind to and stabilize RNA transcripts, may lead to changes in the levels of a particular RNA transcript. The level of translation of particular RNA transcripts can also affect the amount of those transcripts, affecting or upregulating RNA transcript decay processes. Finally, aberrant RNA transport or RNA sequestration may also lead to changes in functional levels of RNA transcripts, and may have an effect on the stability, further processing, or translation of the RNA transcripts.

In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for modulating the amount of one, two, three, or more RNA transcripts encoded by a pre-mRNA, comprising contacting a cell with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the cell is contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a cell culture. In other embodiments, the cell is contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a subject (e.g., a non-human animal subject or a human subject).

In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of a disease or a condition comprising administering an effective amount of a small molecule splicing modulator as described herein to a subject, in particular to a mammal.

In some embodiments, the invention provides compositions and methods for decreasing production of mature mRNA and, in turn, protein, in cells of a subject in need thereof, for example, a subject that can benefit from decreased production of protein. In one embodiment, the described methods may be used to treat subjects having a disease or a condition caused by a mutation in a gene, including missense, splicing, frameshift and nonsense mutations, as well as whole gene deletions, which result in increased protein production. In another embodiment, the described methods may be used to treat subjects having a disease or a condition not caused by gene mutation. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention are used to treat subjects having a disease or a condition, who can benefit from decreased production of a protein.

In some embodiments, the total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA produced in the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is decreased about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100% about 90% to about 100%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 90%, 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 90%, about 80% to about 90%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about 100%, compared to the total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA produced in a control cell. In some embodiments, the total amount of target protein produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is decreased about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100% about 90% to about 100%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 90%, 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 90%, about 80% to about 90%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about 100%, compared to the total amount of target protein produced by a control cell.

In some embodiments, the difference in amount between a first splice variant and a second splice variant encoding a target protein or functional RNA isoform produced in the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is increased about 20% to about 300%, about 50% to about 300%, about 100% to about 300%, about 150% to about 300%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 100%, about 20% to about 150%, about 20% to about 200%, about 20% to about 250%, about 50% to about 100%, about 50% to about 150%, about 50% to about 200%, about 50% to about 250%, about 100% to about 150%, about 100% to about 200%, about 100% to about 250%, about 150% to about ²⁰⁰%, about 150% to about 250%, about 200% to about 250%, at least about 20%, at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 150%, at least about 200%, at least about 250%, or at least about 300%, compared to the difference in amounts between the two splice variants produced by a control cell. In some embodiments, the difference in amount between a first protein isoform expressed from a first splice variant and a second protein isoform expressed from a second splice variant produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased about 20% to about 300%, about 50% to about 300%, about 100% to about 300%, about 150% to about 300%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 100%, about 20% to about 150%, about 20% to about 200%, about 20% to about 250%, about 50% to about 100%, about 50% to about 150%, about 50% to about 200%, about 50% to about 250%, about 100% to about 150%, about 100% to about 200%, about 100% to about 250%, about 150% to about 200%, about 150% to about 250%, about 200% to about 250%, at least about 20%, at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 150%, at least about 200%, at least about 250%, or at least about 300%, compared to the difference in amounts between two protein isoforms produced from the splice variants produced by a control cell.

In some embodiments, the difference in amount between a first splice variant and a second splice variant encoding a target protein or functional RNA isoform produced in the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased about 1.1 to about 10-fold, about 1.5 to about 10-fold, about 2 to about 10-fold, about 3 to about 10-fold, about 4 to about 10-fold, about 1.1 to about 5-fold, about 1.1 to about 6-fold, about 1.1 to about 7-fold, about 1.1 to about 8-fold, about 1.1 to about 9-fold, about 2 to about 5-fold, about 2 to about 6-fold, about 2 to about 7-fold, about 2 to about 8-fold, about 2 to about 9-fold, about 3 to about 6-fold, about 3 to about 7-fold, about 3 to about 8-fold, about 3 to about 9-fold, about 4 to about 7-fold, about 4 to about 8-fold, about 4 to about 9-fold, at least about 1.1-fold, at least about 1.5-fold, at least about 2-fold, at least about 2.5-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 3.5-fold, at least about 4-fold, at least about 5-fold, or at least about 10-fold, compared to the difference in amounts between the two splice variants produced by a control cell. In some embodiments, the difference in amount between a first protein isoform expressed from a first splice variant and a second protein isoform expressed from a second splice variant produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased about 1.1 to about 10-fold, about 1.5 to about 10-fold, about 2 to about 10-fold, about 3 to about 10-fold, about 4 to about 10-fold, about 1.1 to about 5-fold, about 1.1 to about 6-fold, about 1.1 to about 7-fold, about 1.1 to about 8-fold, about 1.1 to about 9-fold, about 2 to about 5-fold, about 2 to about 6-fold, about 2 to about 7-fold, about 2 to about 8-fold, about 2 to about 9-fold, about 3 to about 6-fold, about 3 to about 7-fold, about 3 to about 8-fold, about 3 to about 9-fold, about 4 to about 7-fold, about 4 to about 8-fold, about 4 to about 9-fold, at least about 1.1-fold, at least about 1.5-fold, at least about 2-fold, at least about 2.5-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 3.5-fold, at least about 4-fold, at least about 5-fold, or at least about 10-fold, compared to the difference in amounts between two protein isoforms expressed from the splice variants produced by a control cell.

In some embodiments, the difference in amount between a first splice variant and a second splice variant encoding a target protein or functional RNA isoform produced in the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is decreased about 20% to about 3000, about 50% to about 300%, about 100% to about 300%, about 150% to about 300%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 100%, about 20% to about 150%, about 20% to about 200%, about 20% to about 250%, about 50% to about 100%, about 50% to about 150%, about 50% to about 200%, about 50% to about 250%, about 100% to about 150%, about 100% to about 200%, about 100% to about 250%, about 150% to about 200%, about 150% to about 250%, about 200% to about 250%, at least about 20%, at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 150%, at least about 200%, at least about 250%, or at least about 300%, compared to the difference in amounts between the two splice variants produced by a control cell. In some embodiments, the difference in amount between a first protein isoform expressed from a first splice variant and a second protein isoform expressed from a second splice variant produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is decreased about 20% to about 300%, about 50% to about 300%, about 100% to about 300%, about 150% to about 300%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 100%, about 20% to about 150%, about 20% to about 200%, about 20% to about 250%, about 50% to about 100%, about 50% to about 150%, about 50% to about 200%, about 50% to about 250%, about 100% to about 150%, about 100% to about 200%, about 100% to about 250%, about 150% to about 200%, about 150% to about 250%, about 200% to about 250%, at least about 20%, at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 150%, at least about 200%, at least about 250%, or at least about 300%, compared to the difference in amounts between two protein isoforms produced from the splice variants produced by a control cell.

In some embodiments, the difference in amount between a first splice variant and a second splice variant encoding a target protein or functional RNA isoform produced in the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is decreased about 1.1 to about 10-fold, about 1.5 to about 10-fold, about 2 to about 10-fold, about 3 to about 10-fold, about 4 to about 10-fold, about 1.1 to about 5-fold, about 1.1 to about 6-fold, about 1.1 to about 7-fold, about 1.1 to about 8-fold, about 1.1 to about 9-fold, about 2 to about 5-fold, about 2 to about 6-fold, about 2 to about 7-fold, about 2 to about 8-fold, about 2 to about 9-fold, about 3 to about 6-fold, about 3 to about 7-fold, about 3 to about 8-fold, about 3 to about 9-fold, about 4 to about 7-fold, about 4 to about 8-fold, about 4 to about 9-fold, at least about 1.1-fold, at least about 1.5-fold, at least about 2-fold, at least about 2.5-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 3.5-fold, at least about 4-fold, at least about 5-fold, or at least about 10-fold, compared to the difference in amounts between the two splice variants produced by a control cell. In some embodiments, the difference in amount between a first protein isoform expressed from a first splice variant and a second protein isoform expressed from a second splice variant produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is decreased about 1.1 to about 10-fold, about 1.5 to about 10-fold, about 2 to about 10-fold, about 3 to about 10-fold, about 4 to about 10-fold, about 1.1 to about 5-fold, about 1.1 to about 6-fold, about 1.1 to about 7-fold, about 1.1 to about 8-fold, about 1.1 to about 9-fold, about 2 to about 5-fold, about 2 to about 6-fold, about 2 to about 7-fold, about 2 to about 8-fold, about 2 to about 9-fold, about 3 to about 6-fold, about 3 to about 7-fold, about 3 to about 8-fold, about 3 to about 9-fold, about 4 to about 7-fold, about 4 to about 8-fold, about 4 to about 9-fold, at least about 1.1-fold, at least about 1.5-fold, at least about 2-fold, at least about 2.5-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 3.5-fold, at least about 4-fold, at least about 5-fold, or at least about 10-fold, compared to the difference in amounts between two protein isoforms express from the splice variants produced by a control cell.

The ratio of a first isoform and a second isoform may contribute to a number of conditions or diseases. In some embodiments, a subject without a condition or disease has a first isoform to second isoform ratio of 1:1. In some embodiments, a subject with a condition or disease described herein has a first isoform to second isoform ratio of about 1:1.2, 1:1.4, 1:1.6, 1:1.8, 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3, 1:3.5, 1:4, 1:4.5 or 1:5. In some embodiments, a subject with a condition or disease described herein has a first isoform to second isoform ratio from about 1:1 to about 1:1.1, about 1:1 to about 1:1.2, about 1:1 to about 1:1.3, about 1:1 to about 1:1.4, about 1:1 to about 1:1.5, about 1:1 to about 1:1.6, about 1:1 to about 1:1.8, about 1:1 to about 1:2, about 1:1 to about 1:3, about 1:1 to about 1:3.5, about 1:1 to about 1:4, about 1:1 to about 1:4.5, about 1:1 to about 1:5, 1:2 to about 1:3, about 1:2 to about 1:4, about 1:2 to about 1:5, about 1:3 to about 1:4, about 1:3 to about 1:5, or about 1:4 to about 1:5.

In some embodiments, the binding of the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has minimal to no effect on non-diseased cells.

In some embodiments, provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease or a condition, including steric modulator compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof that promote inclusion of an exon in a spliced product of, e.g., pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the exon is a cryptic exon. In some embodiments, the exon is a poison exon. In some embodiments, inclusion of the poison exon results in degradation of the pre-mRNA via NMD mediated RNA degradation. The invention thus further provides compositions and methods for modulating and controlling production of spliced products, e.g. mRNA, and, in turn, protein, in cells of a subject in need thereof, for example, a subject that can benefit from reduced amount or elimination of a toxic protein. In one embodiment, the described methods may be used to treat subjects having a disease or a condition caused by a mutation in a gene, including e.g. missense mutations, nonsense mutations, splicing mutations, frameshift, gene deletions, which result in deficient protein production. In some embodiments, the disease or the condition is associated with overexpression of a gene. In certain embodiments, the disease or the condition is associated with the ARID1B gene. In certain embodiments, the disease or the condition is associated with the POLQ gene. In certain embodiments, the disease or the condition is associated with the WRN gene. In certain embodiments, the disease or the condition is associated with the PDE7A gene. In certain embodiments, the disease or the condition is associated with the GCFC2 gene. In certain embodiments, the disease or the condition is associated with the ZMYM6 gene. In certain embodiments, the disease or the condition is associated with the FHOD3 gene. In certain embodiments, the disease or the condition is associated with the CTNS gene. In certain embodiments, the disease or the condition is associated with the EXOC3 gene.

In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating a disease or a condition in a subject in need thereof by decreasing the amount of a target protein or mRNA in the cells of the subject, wherein the cells have a mutation that causes, e.g., expression of an aberrant mRNA and/or protein and/or overexpression of an mRNA and/or protein. In some embodiments, the aberrant protein results from aberrant expansion of nucleotide fragments in the mRNA that encodes the protein. In some embodiments, the cells of the subject comprise accumulated aberrant mRNA or protein. In some embodiments, the cells of the subject contain overaccumulated mRNA or protein. In some embodiments, the mutation causes overexpression of an mRNA and/or protein. In some embodiments, the aberrant mRNA causes an aberrant level of transcription of a particular gene, such as by perturbation of a transcription factor or a factor in the transcription process, resulting in a change in the expression level of a particular RNA transcript. In some embodiments, the method can comprise contacting cells of a subject with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that targets the pre-mRNA encoding the target protein or functional RNA or splicing complex component, thereby decreasing a level of mRNA encoding the target protein by modulating splicing of the pre-mRNA to include a poison exon. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a method of reducing expression of a target protein by cells having a mutation or aberrant secondary or tertiary RNA structure by modulating splicing of the pre-mRNA to include a poison exon, thus inducing NMD and degradation of the aberrant RNA. In some embodiments, the poison exon includes an in-frame PTC or early termination codon. In some embodiments, the poison exon causes a reading frame shift in the downstream exon. In some embodiments, the reading frame shift results in an in-frame stop codon in an exon downstream of the poison exon, for example, an exon immediately following the poison exon, where the in-frame stop codon would not be in frame in the absence of inclusion of the poison exon.

In some embodiments, the target protein is a tumor promoter. In some embodiments, the target protein relates to a disease caused by overexpression of a gene. In some embodiments, the pre-mRNA is encoded by a genetic sequence with at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof reduces the amount of the target protein or the functional RNA by modulating aberrant splicing resulting from mutation of the gene encoding the target protein or the functional RNA.

In some embodiments, the total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein produced in the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is decreased at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10%, at least about 11%, at least about 12%, at least about 13%, at least about 14%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 250%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% compared to the total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein produced in a control cell. In some embodiments, the total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein produced in the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is decreased by 100% compared to the total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein produced in a control cell. In some embodiments, the total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein produced in the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is decreased about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100/0, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100% about 90% to about 100%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about ^(90%), about 50% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 90%, 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 90%, about 80% to about 90%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about 100%, compared to the total amount of the mRNA encoding the target protein or 1 RNA produced in a control cell. In some embodiments, the total amount of target protein produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is decreased about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100% about 90% to about 100%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 90%, 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 90%, about 80% to about 90%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about 100%, compared to the total amount of target protein produced by a control cell.

In some embodiments, provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease or a condition, including steric modulator compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof that promote inclusion of an exon in one or more isoforms of mRNA. In some embodiments, the exon is a cryptic exon. In some embodiments, the exon is a poison exon. In some embodiments, inclusion of the poison exon results in degradation of the one or more mRNA variants via NMD. The invention thus further provides compositions and methods for decreasing and controlling production of mRNA variants in cells of a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the difference in amount between a first splice variant and a second splice variant encoding a target protein or functional RNA isoform produced in the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is increased about 20% to about 300%, about 50% to about 300%, about 100% to about 300%, about 150% to about 300%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 100%, about 20% to about 150%, about 20% to about 200%, about 20% to about 250%, about 50% to about 100%, about 50% to about 150%, about 50% to about 200%, about 50% to about 250%, about 100% to about 150%, about 100% to about 200%, about 100% to about 250%, about 150% to about 200%, about 150% to about 250%, about 200% to about 250%, at least about 20%, at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 150%, at least about 200%, at least about 250%, or at least about 300%, compared to the difference in amounts between the two splice variants produced by a control cell. In some embodiments, the difference in amount between a first protein isoform expressed from a first splice variant and a second protein isoform expressed from a second splice variant produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased about 20% to about 300%, about 50% to about 300%, about 100% to about 300%, about 150% to about 300%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 100%, about 20% to about 150%, about 20% to about 200%, about 20% to about 250%, about 50% to about 100%, about 50% to about 150%, about 50% to about 200%, about 50% to about 250%, about 100% to about 150%, about 100% to about 200%, about 100% to about 250%, about 150% to about 200%, about 150% to about 250%, about 200% to about 250%, at least about 20%, at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 150%, at least about 200%, at least about 250%, or at least about 300%, compared to the difference in amounts between two protein isoforms produced from the splice variants produced by a control cell. In some embodiments, the amount of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA containing the poison exon produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is less than 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% of the total transcripts representing the gene. In some embodiments, the amount of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA containing the poison exon produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% of the total transcripts representing the gene. In some embodiments, the amount of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA in the nucleus produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% of the total transcripts representing the gene. In some embodiments, the amount of a nuclear fraction of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% of the total transcripts representing the gene. In some embodiments, the amount of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA in the cytoplasm produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% of the total transcripts representing the gene. In some embodiments, the amount of a cytoplasmic fraction of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% of the total transcripts representing the gene.

In some embodiments, the difference in amount between a first splice variant and a second splice variant encoding a target protein or functional RNA isoform produced in the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased about 1.1 to about 10-fold, about 1.5 to about 10-fold, about 2 to about 10-fold, about 3 to about 10-fold, about 4 to about 10-fold, about 1.1 to about 5-fold, about 1.1 to about 6-fold, about 1.1 to about 7-fold, about 1.1 to about 8-fold, about 1.1 to about 9-fold, about 2 to about 5-fold, about 2 to about 6-fold, about 2 to about 7-fold, about 2 to about 8-fold, about 2 to about 9-fold, about 3 to about 6-fold, about 3 to about 7-fold, about 3 to about 8-fold, about 3 to about 9-fold, about 4 to about 7-fold, about 4 to about 8-fold, about 4 to about 9-fold, at least about 1.1-fold, at least about 1.5-fold, at least about 2-fold, at least about 2.5-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 3.5-fold, at least about 4-fold, at least about 5-fold, or at least about 10-fold, compared to the difference in amounts between the two splice variants produced by a control cell. In some embodiments, the difference in amount between a first protein isoform expressed from a first splice variant and a second protein isoform expressed from a second splice variant produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased about 1.1 to about 10-fold, about 1.5 to about 10-fold, about 2 to about 10-fold, about 3 to about 10-fold, about 4 to about 10-fold, about 1.1 to about 5-fold, about 1.1 to about 6-fold, about 1.1 to about 7-fold, about 1.1 to about 8-fold, about 1.1 to about 9-fold, about 2 to about 5-fold, about 2 to about 6-fold, about 2 to about 7-fold, about 2 to about 8-fold, about 2 to about 9-fold, about 3 to about 6-fold, about 3 to about 7-fold, about 3 to about 8-fold, about 3 to about 9-fold, about 4 to about 7-fold, about 4 to about 8-fold, about 4 to about 9-fold, at least about 1.1-fold, at least about 1.5-fold, at least about 2-fold, at least about 2.5-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 3.5-fold, at least about 4-fold, at least about 5-fold, or at least about 10-fold, compared to the difference in amounts between two protein isoforms expressed from the splice variants produced by a control cell. In some embodiments, the amount of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA containing the poison exon produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased by at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 2.5-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 3.5-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 4.5-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 5.5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 6.5-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 7.5-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 8.5-fold, at least 9-fold, at least 9.5-fold, at least 10-fold, compared to an amount of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA containing the poison exon in a comparable method without the compound. In some embodiments, the amount of a nuclear fraction of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased by at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 2.5-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 3.5-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 4.5-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 5.5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 6.5-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 7.5-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 8.5-fold, at least 9-fold, at least 9.5-fold, at least 10-fold, compared to an amount of a nuclear fraction of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA in a comparable method without the agent. In some embodiments, the amount of a nuclear fraction of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased by at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 2.5-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 3.5-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 4.5-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 5.5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 6.5-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 7.5-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 8.5-fold, at least 9-fold, at least 9.5-fold, at least 10-fold, compared to an amount of a cytoplasmic fraction of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the amount of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is increased by at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 2.5-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 3.5-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 4.5-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 5.5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 6.5-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 7.5-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 8.5-fold, at least 9-fold, at least 9.5-fold, at least 10-fold in the nucleus, compared to the amount of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA in the cytoplasm. In some embodiments, the amount of cytoplasmic fraction of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is decreased by at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 2.5-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 3.5-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 4.5-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 5.5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 6.5-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 7.5-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 8.5-fold, at least 9-fold, at least 9.5-fold, at least 10-fold, compared to an amount of a cytoplasmic fraction of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA in a comparable method without the compound. In some embodiments, the amount of cytoplasmic fraction of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is decreased by at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 2.5-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 3.5-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 4.5-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 5.5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 6.5-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 7.5-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 8.5-fold, at least 9-fold, at least 9.5-fold, at least 10-fold, compared to an amount of a nuclear fraction of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the amount of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA produced by the cell contacted with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is decreased by at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 2.5-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 3.5-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 4.5-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 5.5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 6.5-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 7.5-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 8.5-fold, at least 9-fold, at least 9.5-fold, at least 10-fold in the cytoplasm, compared to the amount of the spliced product of the pre-mRNA in the nucleus.

The ratio of a first isoform and a second isoform may contribute to a number of conditions or diseases. In some embodiments, a subject without a condition or disease has a first isoform to second isoform ratio of 1:1. In some embodiments, a subject with a condition or disease described herein has a first isoform to second isoform ratio of about 1:1.2, 1:1.4, 1:1.6, 1:1.8, 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3, 1:3.5, 1:4, 1:4.5 or 1:5. In some embodiments, a subject with a condition or disease described herein has a first isoform to second isoform ratio from about 1:1 to about 1:1.1, about 1:1 to about 1:1.2, about 1:1 to about 1:1.3, about 1:1 to about 1:1.4, about 1:1 to about 1:1.5, about 1:1 to about 1:1.6, about 1:1 to about 1:1.8, about 1:1 to about 1:2, about 1:1 to about 1:3, about 1:1 to about 1:3.5, about 1:1 to about 1:4, about 1:1 to about 1:4.5, about 1:1 to about 1:5, 1:2 to about 1:3, about 1:2 to about 1:4, about 1:2 to about 1:5, about 1:3 to about 1:4, about 1:3 to about 1:5, or about 1:4 to about 1:5.

In some embodiments, an SMSM kills cells at an IC₅₀ of less than 50 nM. In some embodiments, the cells are primary cells. In some embodiments, an SMSM kills the cells at an IC₅₀ of less than 48 nM, 45 nM, 40 nM, 35 nM, 30 nM, 25 nM, 20 nM, 15 nM, 10 nM, 5 nM, 3 nM, or 1 nM.

In some embodiments, an SMSM modulates splicing at a splice site sequence of a polynucleotide of the primary cells. In some embodiments, an SMSM modulates proliferation or survival of the primary cells. In some embodiments, the primary cells are primary diseased cells. In some embodiments, the primary diseased cells are primary cancer cells. In some embodiments, the SMSM is present at a concentration of at least about 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, 1 μM, 10 μM, 100 μM, 1 mM, 10 mM, 100 mM, or 1 M. In some embodiments, at least about 5%, 10%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of the primary diseased cells are killed. In some embodiments, at least about 5%, 10%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of the primary diseased cells undergo apoptosis. In some embodiments, at least about 5%, 10%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of the primary diseased cells undergo necrosis. In some embodiments, proliferation is reduced or inhibited in at least about 5%, 10%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% of the primary diseased cells. In some embodiments, the primary diseased cells are non-transformed cells.

In some embodiments, the SMSM reduces a size of the tumor. In some embodiments, the size of the tumor is reduced by at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%. In some embodiments, a diameter of the tumor is reduced by at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%. In some embodiments, a volume of the tumor is reduced by at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85/, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%. In some embodiments, the tumor is malignant.

In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting the SMSM to primary non-diseased cells. In some embodiments, at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 50% of the primary non-diseased cells are killed. In some embodiments, at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 50% of the primary non-diseased cells undergo apoptosis. In some embodiments, at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 50% of the primary non-diseased cells undergo necrosis. In some embodiments, proliferation is reduced or inhibited in at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 50% of the primary non-diseased cells. In some embodiments, the primary non-diseased cells are of the same tissue as the primary diseased cells. In some embodiments, the primary non-diseased cells are differentiated cells.

An SMSM can modulate splicing at a splice site of a polynucleotide and does not exhibit significant toxicity. In some embodiments, an SMSM penetrates the blood brain barrier (BBB) when administered to a subject.

In some embodiments, an SMSM has a half-life of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, or 1000 hours in a human.

In some embodiments, an SMSM is stable at room temperature for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 hours; or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months; or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 years. In some embodiments, an SMSM is stable at 4° C. for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 hours; or for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months; or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 years. In some embodiments, an SMSM is stable at room temperature in water or an organic solvent for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 hours; or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months; or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 years. In some embodiments, an SMSM is stable at 4° C. in water or an organic solvent for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 hours; or for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months; or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 years.

In some embodiments, following administration of a single dose of an SMSM to a subject under fasting conditions the T. for an SMSM is from about 0.25 hours to about 12 hours, about 0.25 hours to about 10 hours, 0.25 about hours to about 8 hours, about 0.25 hours to about 6 hours, about 0.25 hours to about 4 hours, about 0.25 hours to about 2 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 12 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 10 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 8 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 6 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 4 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 2 hours, about 0.75 hours to about 12 hours, about 0.75 hours to about 10 hours, about 0.75 hours to about 8 hours, about 0.75 hours to about 6 hours, about 0.75 hours to about 4 hours, about 0.75 hours to about 2 hours, about 1 hour to about 12 hours, about 1 hour to about 10 hour, about 1 hour to about 8 hours, about 1 hour to about 6 hours, about 1 hour to about 4 hours, about 1 hour to about 2 hours, about 2 hours to about 12 hours, about 2 hours to about 10 hours, about 2 hours to about 8 hours, about 2 hours to about 6 hours, about 2 hours to about 4 hours, about 4 hours to about 12 hours, about 4 hours to about 10 hours, about 4 hours to about 8 hours, about 4 hours to about 6 hours, about 6 hours to about 12 hours, about 6 hours to about 10 hours, about 6 hours to about 8 hours, about 8 hours to about 12 hours, about 8 hours to about 10 hours, or about 10 hours to about 12 hours. In some embodiments, following a single dose of an SMSM under fasting conditions the T. for an SMSM is about 0.25 hours, about 0.5 hours, about 0.75 hours, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, or about 12 hours. In some embodiments, fasting conditions may be characterized by the levels of nutrient in the blood of the subject.

In some embodiments, following administration of a single dose of an SMSM to a subject under fed conditions the T. for an SMSM is from about 0.25 hours to about 12 hours, about 0.25 hours to about 10 hours, 0.25 about hours to about 8 hours, about 0.25 hours to about 6 hours, about 0.25 hours to about 4 hours, about 0.25 hours to about 2 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 12 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 10 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 8 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 6 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 4 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 2 hours, about 0.75 hours to about 12 hours, about 0.75 hours to about 10 hours, about 0.75 hours to about 8 hours, about 0.75 hours to about 6 hours, about 0.75 hours to about 4 hours, about 0.75 hours to about 2 hours, about 1 hour to about 12 hours, about 1 hour to about 10 hour, about 1 hour to about 8 hours, about 1 hour to about 6 hours, about 1 hour to about 4 hours, about 1 hour to about 2 hours, about 2 hours to about 12 hours, about 2 hours to about 10 hours, about 2 hours to about 8 hours, about 2 hours to about 6 hours, about 2 hours to about 4 hours, about 4 hours to about 12 hours, about 4 hours to about 10 hours, about 4 hours to about 8 hours, about 4 hours to about 6 hours, about 6 hours to about 12 hours, about 6 hours to about 10 hours, about 6 hours to about 8 hours, about 8 hours to about 12 hours, about 8 hours to about 10 hours, or about 10 hours to about 12 hours. In some embodiments, following a single dose of an SMSM under fed conditions the T. for an SMSM is about 0.25 hours, about 0.5 hours, about 0.75 hours, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, or about 12 hours. In some embodiments, a fed condition may be characterized by the levels of nutrient in the blood of the subject.

In some embodiments, following administration of a single dose of an SMSM to a subject the T. for an SMSM is from about 0.25 hours to about 12 hours, about 0.25 hours to about 10 hours, 0.25 about hours to about 8 hours, about 0.25 hours to about 6 hours, about 0.25 hours to about 4 hours, about 0.25 hours to about 2 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 12 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 10 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 8 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 6 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 4 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 2 hours, about 0.75 hours to about 12 hours, about 0.75 hours to about 10 hours, about 0.75 hours to about 8 hours, about 0.75 hours to about 6 hours, about 0.75 hours to about 4 hours, about 0.75 hours to about 2 hours, about 1 hour to about 12 hours, about 1 hour to about 10 hour, about 1 hour to about 8 hours, about 1 hour to about 6 hours, about 1 hour to about 4 hours, about 1 hour to about 2 hours, about 2 hours to about 12 hours, about 2 hours to about 10 hours, about 2 hours to about 8 hours, about 2 hours to about 6 hours, about 2 hours to about 4 hours, about 4 hours to about 12 hours, about 4 hours to about 10 hours, about 4 hours to about 8 hours, about 4 hours to about 6 hours, about 6 hours to about 12 hours, about 6 hours to about 10 hours, about 6 hours to about 8 hours, about 8 hours to about 12 hours, about 8 hours to about 10 hours, or about 10 hours to about 12 hours. In some embodiments, following a single dose of an SMSM the T. for an SMSM is about 0.25 hours, about 0.5 hours, about 0.75 hours, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, or about 12 hours.

In some embodiments, following administration of a single dose of an SMSM to a subject under fasting conditions the C. for an SMSM is from about 500 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 1100 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 1000 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 900 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 800 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 700 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 600 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 1100 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 1000 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 900 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 800 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 700 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 1100 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 1000 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 900 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 800 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 1100 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 1000 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 900 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL to about 1100 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL to about 1000 ng/mL, about 1000 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 1000 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 1000 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 1000 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 1000 ng/mL to about 1100 ng/mL, about 1100 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 1100 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 1100 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 1100 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 1200 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 1200 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 1200 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 1300 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 1300 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, or about 1400 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL. In some embodiments, following administration of a single dose of an SMSM to a subject under fasting conditions the C. for an SMSM is about 500 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL, about 1000 ng/mL, about 1100 ng/mL, about 1200 ng/mL, about 1300 ng/mL, about 1400 ng/mL, or about 1500 ng/mL. In some embodiments, fasting conditions may be characterized by the levels of nutrient in the blood of the subject.

In some embodiments, following administration of a single dose of an SMSM to a subject under fed conditions the C. for an SMSM is from about 500 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 1100 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 1000 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 900 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 800 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 700 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 600 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 1100 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 1000 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 900 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 800 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 700 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 1100 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 1000 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 900 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 800 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 1100 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 1000 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 900 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL to about 1100 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL to about 1000 ng/mL, about 1000 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 1000 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 1000 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 1000 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 1000 ng/mL to about 1100 ng/mL, about 1100 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 1100 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 1100 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 1100 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 1200 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 1200 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 1200 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 1300 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 1300 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, or about 1400 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL. In some embodiments, following administration of a single dose of an SMSM to a subject under fed conditions the C. for an SMSM is about 500 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL, about 1000 ng/mL, about 1100 ng/mL, about 1200 ng/mL, about 1300 ng/mL, about 1400 ng/mL, or about 1500 ng/mL. In some embodiments, a fed condition may be characterized by the levels of nutrient in the blood of the subject.

In some embodiments, following administration of a single dose of an SMSM to a subject the C. for an SMSM is from about 500 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 1100 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 1000 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 900 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 800 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 700 ng/mL, about 500 ng/mL to about 600 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 1100 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 1000 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 900 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 800 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL to about 700 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 1100 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 1000 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 900 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL to about 800 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 1100 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 1000 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL to about 900 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL to about 1100 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL to about 1000 ng/mL, about 1000 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 1000 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 1000 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 1000 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 1000 ng/mL to about 1100 ng/mL, about 1100 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 1100 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 1100 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 1100 ng/mL to about 1200 ng/mL, about 1200 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 1200 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, about 1200 ng/mL to about 1300 ng/mL, about 1300 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL, about 1300 ng/mL to about 1400 ng/mL, or about 1400 ng/mL to about 1500 ng/mL. In some embodiments, following administration of a single dose of an SMSM to a subject the C_(max) for an SMSM is about 500 ng/mL, about 600 ng/mL, about 700 ng/mL, about 800 ng/mL, about 900 ng/mL, about 1000 ng/mL, about 1100 ng/mL, about 1200 ng/mL, about 1300 ng/mL, about 1400 ng/mL, or about 1500 ng/mL.

In some embodiments, an SMSM has an cell viability IC₅₀ of 0.01-10 nM, 0.01-5 nM, 0.01-2.5 nM, 0.01-1 nM, 0.01-0.75 nM, 0.01-0.5 nM, 0.01-0.25 nM, 0.01-0.1 nM, 0.1-100 nM, 0.1-50 nM, 0.1-25 nM, 0.1-10 nM, 0.1-7.5 nM, 0.1-5 nM, 0.1-2.5 nM, 2-1000 nM, 2-500 nM, 2-250 nM, 2-100 nM, 2-75 nM, 2-50 nM, 2-25 nM, 2-10 nM, 10-1000 nM, 10-500 nM, 10-250 nM, 10-100 nM, 10-75 nM, 10-50 nM, 10-25 nM, 25-1000 nM, 25-500 nM, 25-250 nM, 25-100 nM, 25-75 nM, 25-50 nM, 50-1000 nM, 50-500 nM, 50-250 nM, 50-100 nM, 50-75 nM, 60-70 nM, 100-1000 nM, 100-500 nM, 100-250 nM, 250-1000 nM, 250-500 nM, or 500-1000 nM.

In some embodiments, an SMSM has an cell viability IC₅₀ of at most 2 nM, 3 nM, 4 nM, 5 nM, 6 nM, 7 nM, 8 nM, 9 nM, 10 nM, 11 nM, 12 nM, 13 nM, 14 nM, 15 nM, 16 nM, 17 nM, 18 nM, 19 nM, 20 nM, 21 nM, 22 nM, 23 nM, 24 nM, 25 nM, 30 nM, 35 nM, 40 nM, 45 nM, 50 nM, 51 nM, 52 nM, 53 nM, 54 nM, 55 nM, 56 nM, 57 nM, 58 nM, 59 nM, 60 nM, 61 nM, 62 nM, 63 nM, 64 nM, 65 nM, 66 nM, 67 nM, 68 nM, 69 nM, 70 nM, 71 nM, 72 nM, 73 nM, 74 nM, 75 nM, 76 nM, 77 nM, 78 nM, 79 nM, 80 nM, 81 nM, 82 nM, 83 nM, 84 nM, 85 nM, 90 nM, 95 nM, 100 nM, 110 nM, 120 nM, 130 nM, 140 nM, 150 nM, 160 nM, 170 nM, 180 nM, 190 nM, 200 nM, 210 nM, 220 nM, 230 nM, 240 nM, 250 nM, 275 nM, 300 nM, 325 nM, 350 nM, 375 nM, 400 nM, 425 nM, 450 nM, 475 nM, 500 nM, 550 nM, 600 nM, 650 nM, 700 nM, 750 nM, 800 nM, 850 nM, 900 nM, 950 nM, 1 μM, or 10 μM.

In some embodiments, an SMSM reduces cell proliferation of diseased cells by more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% when the cells are treated with the SMSM at a concentration of 2-1000 nM, 2-500 nM, 2-250 nM, 2-100 nM, 2-75 nM, 2-50 nM, 2-25 nM, 2-10 nM, 10-1000 nM, 10-500 nM, 10-250 nM, 10-100 nM, 10-75 nM, 10-50 nM, 10-25 nM, 25-1000 nM, 25-500 nM, 25-250 nM, 25-100 nM, 25-75 nM, 25-50 nM, 50-1000 nM, 50-500 nM, 50-250 nM, 50-100 nM, 50-75 nM, 60-70 nM, 100-1000 nM, 100-500 nM, 100-250 nM, 250-1000 nM, 250-500 nM, or 500-1000 nM for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 21, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, or 48 hours.

In some embodiments, an SMSM reduces cell proliferation of diseased cells by more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% when the cells are treated with the SMSM at a concentration of at least 2 nM, 3 nM, 4 nM, 5 nM, 6 nM, 7 nM, 8 nM, 9 nM, 10 nM, 11 nM, 12 nM, 13 nM, 14 nM, 15 nM, 16 nM, 17 nM, 18 nM, 19 nM, 20 nM, 21 nM, 22 nM, 23 nM, 24 nM, 25 nM, 30 nM, 35 nM, 40 nM, 45 nM, 50 nM, 51 nM, 52 nM, 53 nM, 54 nM, 55 nM, 56 nM, 57 nM, 58 nM, 59 nM, 60 nM, 61 nM, 62 nM, 63 nM, 64 nM, 65 nM, 66 nM, 67 nM, 68 nM, 69 nM, 70 nM, 71 nM, 72 nM, 73 nM, 74 nM, 75 nM, 76 nM, 77 nM, 78 nM, 79 nM, 80 nM, 81 nM, 82 nM, 83 nM, 84 nM, 85 nM, 90 nM, 95 nM, 100 nM, 110 nM, 120 nM, 130 nM, 140 nM, 150 nM, 160 nM, 170 nM, 180 nM, 190 nM, 200 nM, 210 nM, 220 nM, 230 nM, 240 nM, 250 nM, 275 nM, 300 nM, 325 nM, 350 nM, 375 nM, 400 nM, 425 nM, 450 nM, 475 nM, 500 nM, 550 nM, 600 nM, 650 nM, 700 nM, 750 nM, 800 nM, 850 nM, 900 nM, 950 nM, 1 μM, or 10 μM for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 21, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, or 48 hours.

In some embodiments, an SMSM reduces viability of diseased cells by more than 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% a, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%. when the cells are treated with the SMSM at a concentration of 2-1000 nM, 2-500 nM, 2-250 nM, 2-100 nM, 2-75 nM, 2-50 nM, 2-25 nM, 2-10 nM, 10-1000 nM, 10-500 nM, 10-250 nM, 10-100 nM, 10-75 nM, 10-50 nM, 10-25 nM, 25-1000 nM, 25-500 nM, 25-250 nM, 25-100 nM, 25-75 nM, 25-50 nM, 50-1000 nM, 50-500 nM, 50-250 nM, 50-100 nM, 50-75 nM, 60-70 nM, 100-1000 nM, 100-500 nM, 100-250 nM, 250-1000 nM, 250-500 nM, or 500-1000 nM for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 21, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, or 48 hours.

In some embodiments, an SMSM reduces viability of diseased cells by more than 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, ⁹⁴⁰/, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% when the cells are treated with the SMSM at a concentration of at least 2 nM, 3 nM, 4 nM, 5 nM, 6 nM, 7 nM, 8 nM, 9 nM, 10 nM, 11 nM, 12 nM, 13 nM, 14 nM, 15 nM, 16 nM, 17 nM, 18 nM, 19 nM, 20 nM, 21 nM, 22 nM, 23 nM, 24 nM, 25 nM, 30 nM, 35 nM, 40 nM, 45 nM, 50 nM, 51 nM, 52 nM, 53 nM, 54 nM, 55 nM, 56 nM, 57 nM, 58 nM, 59 nM, 60 nM, 61 nM, 62 nM, 63 nM, 64 nM, 65 nM, 66 nM, 67 nM, 68 nM, 69 nM, 70 nM, 71 nM, 72 nM, 73 nM, 74 nM, 75 nM, 76 nM, 77 nM, 78 nM, 79 nM, 80 nM, 81 nM, 82 nM, 83 nM, 84 nM, 85 nM, 90 nM, 95 nM, 100 nM, 110 nM, 120 nM, 130 nM, 140 nM, 150 nM, 160 nM, 170 nM, 180 nM, 190 nM, 200 nM, 210 nM, 220 nM, 230 nM, 240 nM, 250 nM, 275 nM, 300 nM, 325 nM, 350 nM, 375 nM, 400 nM, 425 nM, 450 nM, 475 nM, 500 nM, 550 nM, 600 nM, 650 nM, 700 nM, 750 nM, 800 nM, 850 nM, 900 nM, 950 nM, 1 μM, or 10 μM for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 21, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, or 48 hours.

In some embodiments, an SMSM does not reduce viability of non-diseased cells by more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50 when the cells are treated with the SMSM at a concentration of 2-1000 nM, 2-500 nM, 2-250 nM, 2-100 nM, 2-75 nM, 2-50 nM, 2-25 nM, 2-10 nM, 10-1000 nM, 10-500 nM, 10-250 nM, 10-100 nM, 10-75 nM, 10-50 nM, 10-25 nM, 25-1000 nM, 25-500 nM, 25-250 nM, 25-100 nM, 25-75 nM, 25-50 nM, 50-1000 nM, 50-500 nM, 50-250 nM, 50-100 nM, 50-75 nM, 60-70 nM, 100-1000 nM, 100-500 nM, 100-250 nM, 250-1000 nM, 250-500 nM, or 500-1000 nM for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 21, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, or 48 hours.

In some embodiments, an SMSM does not reduce viability of non-diseased cells by more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% when the cells are treated with the SMSM at a concentration of at least 2 nM, 3 nM, 4 nM, 5 nM, 6 nM, 7 nM, 8 nM, 9 nM, 10 nM, 11 nM, 12 nM, 13 nM, 14 nM, 15 nM, 16 nM, 17 nM, 18 nM, 19 nM, 20 nM, 21 nM, 22 nM, 23 nM, 24 nM, 25 nM, 30 nM, 35 nM, 40 nM, 45 nM, 50 nM, 51 nM, 52 nM, 53 nM, 54 nM, 55 nM, 56 nM, 57 nM, 58 nM, 59 nM, 60 nM, 61 nM, 62 nM, 63 nM, 64 nM, 65 nM, 66 nM, 67 nM, 68 nM, 69 nM, 70 nM, 71 nM, 72 nM, 73 nM, 74 nM, 75 nM, 76 nM, 77 nM, 78 nM, 79 nM, 80 nM, 81 nM, 82 nM, 83 nM, 84 nM, 85 nM, 90 nM, 95 nM, 100 nM, 110 nM, 120 nM, 130 nM, 140 nM, 150 nM, 160 nM, 170 nM, 180 nM, 190 nM, 200 nM, 210 nM, 220 nM, 230 nM, 240 nM, 250 nM, 275 nM, 300 nM, 325 nM, 350 nM, 375 nM, 400 nM, 425 nM, 450 nM, 475 nM, 500 nM, 550 nM, 600 nM, 650 nM, 700 nM, 750 nM, 800 nM, 850 nM, 900 nM, 950 nM, 1 μM, or 10 μM for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 21, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, or 48 hours.

In some embodiments, an SMSM reduces a size of a tumor in a subject by at least 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 140%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%.

In some embodiments, an SMSM inhibits tumor growth of a tumor in a subject by at least 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%.

Exemplary sites targeted by the SMSMs described herein include 5′ splice sites, 3′ splice sites, polypyrimidine tracts, branch sites, splicing enhancers and silencer elements. Mutations or aberrant secondary or tertiary RNA structures at hot spots can create mRNA sites or scaffold sequences that can be targeted. For example, many exons are flanked by the intronic dinucleotides GT and AG at the 5′ and 3′ splice sites, respectively. For example, mutations or aberrant secondary or tertiary RNA structures at these sites can cause, e.g., exclusion of an adjacent exon or inclusion of an adjacent intron. Many factors influence the complex pre-mRNA splicing process, including several hundred different proteins, at least five spliceosomal snRNAs, sequences on the mRNA, sequence length, enhancer and silencer elements, and strength of splicing signals.

Exemplary sites targeted by the SMSMs described herein include secondary and sometimes tertiary structures of RNA. For example, exemplary sites targeted by the SMSMs described herein include a stem loop, hairpin, branch point sequence (BPS), polypyrimidine tract (PPT), 5′ splice site (5′ss) and 3′ splice site (3′ss), duplex snRNA and splice sites and trans acting protein binding to RNA. The target pre-mRNA can comprise a defective sequence, such as a sequence that produces a deficient protein, such as a protein with altered function such as enzyme activity, or expression, such as lack of expression. In some embodiments, the defective sequence impacts the structure of the RNA. In some embodiments, the defect sequence impacts recognition by snRNP.

In addition to splicing consensus sequences, there is also a smaller (but ever increasing) number of cases where structural constraints, including as a result of mutations, have been described to affect less-defined cis-acting sequences such as exonic/intronic splicing enhancers (ESE/ISE) or silencer elements (ESS/ISS).

The compositions and methods described herein can be used to modulate splicing of RNA products, e.g., pre-mRNAs, encoded by genes. Examples of genes encoding RNA products, e.g., pre-mRNAs, include, but are not limited to ARID1B, POLQ, WRN, PDE7A, GCFC2, ZMYM6, FHOD3, CTNS, and EXOC3. The steric modulator compounds described herein affect splicing of mRNA, such as pre-mRNA, expressed from, e.g., ARID1B, POLQ, WRN, PDE7A, GCFC2, ZMYM6, FHOD3, CTNS, and EXOC3.

In some embodiments, the compositions and methods described herein for correcting aberrant splicing of mRNA, such as pre-mRNA, which results in a defective protein and consequently causes a disease or a disorder in a subject. In some embodiments, the subject is human.

The splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing, such as aberrant splicing of polynucleotide encoded by a gene. Examples of genes encoding a target RNA, e.g., a pre-mRNA, include, but are not limited to ARID1B, POLQ, WRN, PDE7A, GCFC2, ZMYM6, FHOD3, CTNS, and EXOC3.

In some embodiments, the splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing, such as alternative splicing of a polynucleotide encoded by ARID1B gene. In some embodiments, alternative splicing of the ARID1B pre-mRNA may lead to the expression of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 isoforms of the AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1B. In some embodiments, the ARID1B gene may comprise a mutation. In some embodiments, the splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing of ARID1B pre-mRNA that lead to inclusion of a poison exon that is normally not included the ARID1B spliced product, e.g., mRNA. In some embodiments, the poison exon included in the ARID1B spliced product may lead to degradation of the ARID1B spliced product through NMD mediated RNA degradation. In some embodiments, the ARID1B pre-mRNA comprises the sequence AAAAGAguaagauuauau (SEQ ID NO: 1). In a preferred embodiment, the splice modulating compound binds to the 5′ss sequence AAAAGAguaagauuauau (SEQ ID NO: 1).

In some embodiments, the splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing, such as alternative splicing of a polynucleotide encoded by POLQ gene. In some embodiments, alternative splicing of the POLQ pre-mRNA may lead to the expression of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 isoforms of the DNA polymerase theta protein. In some embodiments, the POLQ gene may comprise a mutation. In some embodiments, the splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing of POLQ pre-mRNA that lead to inclusion of a poison exon that is normally not included the POLQ spliced product, e.g., mRNA. In some embodiments, the poison exon included in the POLQ spliced product may lead to degradation of the POLQ spliced product through NMD mediated RNA degradation. In some embodiments, the POLQ pre-mRNA comprises the sequence AUCAUGgugaggccccau (SEQ ID NO: 2).

In a preferred embodiment, the splice modulating compound binds to the 5′ss sequence AUCAUGgugaggccccau (SEQ ID NO: 2).

In some embodiments, the splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing, such as alternative splicing of a polynucleotide encoded by WRN gene. In some embodiments, alternative splicing of the WRN pre-mRNA may lead to the expression of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 isoforms of the Werner syndrome ATP-dependent helicase (DNA helicase, RecQ-like type 3) protein.

In some embodiments, the WRN gene may comprise a mutation. In some embodiments, the splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing of WRN pre-mRNA that lead to inclusion of a poison exon that is normally not included the WRN spliced product, e.g., mRNA. In some embodiments, the poison exon included in the WRN spliced product may lead to degradation of the WRN spliced product through NMD mediated RNA degradation. In some embodiments, the WRN pre-mRNA comprises the sequence UUACAGgugugagccacc (SEQ ID NO: 3). In a preferred embodiment, the splice modulating compound binds to the 5′ss sequence UUACAGgugugagccacc (SEQ ID NO: 3).

In some embodiments, the splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing, such as alternative splicing of a polynucleotide encoded by PDE7A gene. In some embodiments, alternative splicing of the PDE7A pre-mRNA may lead to the expression of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 isoforms of the high affinity cAMP-specific 3′,5′-cyclic phosphodiesterase 7A protein. In some embodiments, the PDE7A gene may comprise a mutation. In some embodiments, the splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing of PDE7A pre-mRNA that lead to inclusion of a poison exon that is normally not included the PDE7A spliced product, e.g., mRNA. In some embodiments, the poison exon included in the PDE7A spliced product may lead to degradation of the PDE7A spliced product through NMD mediated RNA degradation. In some embodiments, the PDE7A pre-mRNA comprises the sequence AACAGA/guaagcaggagu (SEQ ID NO: 4). In a preferred embodiment, the splice modulating compound binds to the 5′ss sequence AACAGA/guaagcaggagu (SEQ ID NO: 4).

In some embodiments, the splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing, such as alternative splicing of a polynucleotide encoded by GCFC2 gene. In some embodiments, alternative splicing of the GCFC2 pre-mRNA may lead to the expression of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 isoforms of the GC-rich sequence DNA-binding factor protein. In some embodiments, the GCFC2 gene may comprise a mutation. In some embodiments, the splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing of GCFC2 pre-mRNA that lead to inclusion of a poison exon that is normally not included the GCFC2 spliced product, e.g., mRNA. In some embodiments, the poison exon included in the GCFC2 spliced product may lead to degradation of the GCFC2 spliced product through NMD mediated RNA degradation. In some embodiments, the GCFC2 pre-mRNA comprises the sequence UGAUGA/guaagagaguua (SEQ ID NO: 5). In a preferred embodiment, the splice modulating compound binds to the 5′ss sequence UGAUGA/guaagagaguua (SEQ ID NO: 5).

In some embodiments, the splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing, such as alternative splicing of a polynucleotide encoded by ZMYM6 gene. In some embodiments, alternative splicing of the ZMYM6 pre-mRNA may lead to the expression of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 isoforms of the zinc finger MYM-type containing 6 protein. In some embodiments, the ZMYM6 gene may comprise a mutation. In some embodiments, the splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing of ZMYM6 pre-mRNA that lead to inclusion of a poison exon that is normally not included the ZMYM6 spliced product, e.g., mRNA. In some embodiments, the poison exon included in the ZMYM6 spliced product may lead to degradation of the ZMYM6 spliced product through NMD mediated RNA degradation. In some embodiments, the ZMYM6 pre-mRNA comprises the sequence AAUAGA/guaagauuauau (SEQ ID NO: 6). In a preferred embodiment, the splice modulating compound binds to the 5′ss sequence AAUAGA/guaagauuauau (SEQ ID NO: 6).

In some embodiments, the splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing, such as alternative splicing of a polynucleotide encoded by FHOD3 gene. In some embodiments, alternative splicing of the FHOD3 pre-mRNA may lead to the expression of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 isoforms of the formin homology 2 domain containing 3 protein. In some embodiments, the FHOD3 gene may comprise a mutation. In some embodiments, the splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing of FHOD3 pre-mRNA that lead to inclusion of a poison exon that is normally not included the FHOD3 spliced product, e.g., mRNA. In some embodiments, the poison exon included in the FHOD3 spliced product may lead to degradation of the FHOD3 spliced product through NMD mediated RNA degradation. In some embodiments, the FHOD3 pre-mRNA comprises the sequence AGGAGA/guaagaggaggg (SEQ ID NO: 7). In a preferred embodiment, the splice modulating compound binds to the 5′ss sequence AGGAGA/guaagaggaggg (SEQ ID NO: 7).

In some embodiments, the splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing, such as alternative splicing of a polynucleotide encoded by CTNS gene. In some embodiments, alternative splicing of the CTNS pre-mRNA may lead to the expression of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 isoforms of the cystinosin protein. In some embodiments, the CTNS gene may comprise a mutation.

In some embodiments, the splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing of CTNS pre-mRNA that lead to inclusion of a poison exon that is normally not included the CTNS spliced product, e.g., mRNA. In some embodiments, the poison exon included in the CTNS spliced product may lead to degradation of the CTNS spliced product through NMD mediated RNA degradation. In some embodiments, the CTNS pre-mRNA comprises the sequence GACUAA/guauuugaagag (SEQ ID NO: 8). In a preferred embodiment, the splice modulating compound binds to the 5′ss sequence GACUAA/guauuugaagag (SEQ ID NO: 8).

In some embodiments, the splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing, such as alternative splicing of a polynucleotide encoded by EXOC3 gene. In some embodiments, alternative splicing of the EXOC3 pre-mRNA may lead to the expression of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 isoforms of the exocyst complex component 3 protein. In some embodiments, the EXOC3 gene may comprise a mutation. In some embodiments, the splice modulating compounds and methods of use described herein can modulate splicing of EXOC3 pre-mRNA that lead to inclusion of a poison exon that is normally not included the EXOC3 spliced product, e.g., mRNA. In some embodiments, the poison exon included in the EXOC3 spliced product may lead to degradation of the EXOC3 spliced product through NMD mediated RNA degradation. In some embodiments, the EXOC3 pre-mRNA comprises the sequence GACAGA/guaagaugaaaa (SEQ ID NO: 9). In a preferred embodiment, the splice modulating compound binds to the 5′ss sequence GACAGA/guaagaugaaaa (SEQ ID NO: 9).

Mutations and/or aberrant secondary or tertiary RNA structures in cis-acting elements of splicing can alter splicing patterns. Mutations and/or aberrant secondary or tertiary RNA structures can be found in core consensus sequences, including 5′ss, 3′ss, and BP regions, or other regulatory elements, including ESEs, ESSs, ISEs, and ISSs. Mutations in cis-acting elements can result in multiple diseases. Exemplary diseases are described below. The present disclosure provides splice modulating compounds and methods that target pre-mRNA containing one or more mutations and/or aberrant secondary or tertiary RNA structures in cis-acting elements. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods and small molecule binding agents that target pre-mRNA containing one or more mutations and/or aberrant secondary or tertiary RNA structures in splice sites or BP regions. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods and small molecule binding agents that target pre-mRNA containing one or more mutations and/or aberrant secondary or tertiary RNA structures in other regulatory elements, for example, ESEs, ESSs, ISEs, and ISSs.

Mutations and/or aberrant secondary or tertiary RNA structures in cis-acting elements can induce three-dimensional structural change in pre-mRNA. Mutations and/or aberrant secondary RNA structures in cis-acting elements can induce three-dimensional structural change in pre-mRNA when the pre-mRNA is, for example, bound to at least one snRNA, or at least one snRNP, or at least one other auxiliary splicing factor.

For example, a bulge can be formed when the 5′ss is bound to U1-U12 snRNA or a portion thereof. For example, a bulge can be induced to form when 5′ss containing no or one or more mutation is bound to U1-U12 snRNA or a portion thereof. For example, a bulge can be formed when the cryptic 5′ss is bound to U1-U12 snRNA or a portion thereof. For example, a bulge can be induced to form when cryptic 5′ss containing no or one or more mutation is bound to U1-U12 snRNA or a portion thereof. For example, a bulge can be formed when the 3′ss is bound to U2 snRNA or a portion thereof. For example, a bulge can be induced to form when the 3′ss is bound to U2 snRNA or a portion thereof. For example, a bulge can be formed when the cryptic 3′ss is bound to U2 snRNA or a portion thereof. For example, a bulge can be induced to form when the cryptic 3′ss is bound to U2 snRNA or a portion thereof. The protein components of U1 and U2 may or may not be present to form the bulge. For example, a loop can be formed when the 5′ss is bound to U1-U12 snRNA or a portion thereof. For example, a loop can be induced to form when 5′ss containing no or one or more mutation is bound to U1-U12 snRNA or a portion thereof. For example, a loop can be formed when the cryptic 5′ss is bound to U1-U12 snRNA or a portion thereof. For example, a loop can be induced to form when cryptic 5′ss containing no or one or more mutation is bound to U1-U12 snRNA or a portion thereof. For example, a loop can be formed when the 3′ss is bound to U2 snRNA or a portion thereof. For example, a loop can be induced to form when the 3′ss is bound to U2 snRNA or a portion thereof. For example, a loop can be formed when the cryptic 3′ss is bound to U2 snRNA or a portion thereof. For example, a loop can be induced to form when the cryptic 3′ss is bound to U2 snRNA or a portion thereof. The protein components of U1 and U2 may or may not be present to form the loop. A polynucleotide in the methods disclosed herein can contain any one of exemplary 5′ splice site sequences summarized in Table 3.

Certain presumptively weak 5′ss are efficiently used because U1 snRNA base-pairs to them in a noncanonical way forming a bulge or a loop (FIGS. 1 and 2 ; Tables 2-1 and 2-2). In addition, some 5′ss are more stably bound by U1 snRNA when a nucleotide is bulged at either the 5′ss (various positions) or the 5′ end of U1 snRNA. Noncanonical base-pairing between 5′ss and U1 snRNA forming a bulge(s) or a loop highlight the flexibility of the interaction between 5′ss and U1 snRNA, allowing for many base-pairing arrangements to result in efficient splicing, and also provide a means for the efficient recognition of 5′ss that otherwise would be weakly bound by U1 snRNA.

In some embodiments, a small molecule can bind a bulge. In some embodiments, a bulge is naturally occurring. In some embodiments, a bulge is formed by non-canonical base-pairing between the splice site and the small nuclear RNA. For example, a bulge can be formed by non-canonical base-pairing between the 5′ss and U1-U12 snRNA with unpaired nucleotide(s) only on one of the two strands. The bulge can comprise 1 nucleotide or 2 nucleotides. In some embodiments, 3-dimensional structural changes can be induced by a mutation without bulge formation. In some embodiments, a bulge may be formed without any mutation in a splice site. In some embodiments, a recognition portion can be formed by a mutation in any of the cis-acting elements. In some embodiments, a small molecule can bind to a recognition portion that is induced by a mutation. In some embodiments, a mutation and/or aberrant secondary or tertiary RNA structure at an authentic or native 5′ splice site can result in splicing at a cryptic 5′ splice site. In some embodiments, a mutation and/or aberrant secondary or tertiary RNA structure can be in one of the regulatory elements including ESEs, ESSs, ISEs, and ISSs. In some embodiments, a small molecule can bind a loop. In some embodiments, a loop is naturally occurring. In some embodiments, a loop is formed by non-canonical base-pairing between the splice site and the small nuclear RNA. For example, a loop can be formed by non-canonical base-pairing between the 5′ss and U1-U12 snRNA with unpaired nucleotide(s) on both strands. In some embodiments, a symmetric loop can be formed with equal number of unpaired nucleotide(s) on both strands. In some embodiments, an asymmetric loop can be formed with unequal number of unpaired nucleotide(s) on both strands. The loop can comprise 1 nucleotide or 2 nucleotides on both strands. The exemplary bulges and loops formed by non-canonical 5′splice sites are shown in Table 2-1 and Table 2-2, respectively. The exemplary RNA structures of a splice site, showing base-pairing between 5′ splice site sequence and U1 snRNP sequence that forms a bulge or a loop structure are shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 , respectively.

In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide in an exon or an intron. In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide upstream (5′) of the splice site of the splice site sequence. In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the −1 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence. For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNN*nnnnnn, wherein N* represents a bulged nucleotide. In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the −2 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence. For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NN*Nnnnnnn, wherein N* represents a bulged nucleotide. In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the −3 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence. For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of N*NNnnnnnn, wherein N* represents a bulged nucleotide.

In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide in an intron. In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide downstream (3′) of the splice site of the splice site sequence.

In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the +2 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence. For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNnn*nnnn, wherein n* represents a bulged nucleotide. In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the +3 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence. For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNnnn*nnn, wherein n* represents a bulged nucleotide. In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the +4 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence. For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNnnnn*nn, wherein n* represents a bulged nucleotide. In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the +5 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence. For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNnnnnn*n, wherein n* represents a bulged nucleotide.

In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with one or more bulged nucleotides at the −1, −2, −3, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, and/or +7 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence. For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNN*nnnnnn, NN*Nnnnnnn, N*NNnnnnnn, NNNn*nnnnn, NNNnn*nnnn, NNNnnn*nnn, NNNnnnn*nn, NNNnnnnn*n, NNNnnnnnn*, or NNNnnnnnnn*, wherein N* or n* represents a bulged nucleotide.

In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with one or more bulged nucleotides at the −1 and/or −2 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence.

For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNN*nnnnnn or NN*Nnnnnnn, wherein N* represents a bulged nucleotide.

In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with one or more bulged nucleotides at the +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, and/or +7 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence. For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNn*nnnnn, NNNnn*nnnn, NNNnnn*nnn, NNNnnnn*nn, NNNnnnnn*n, NNNnnnnnn*, or NNNnnnnnnn*, wherein n* represents a bulged nucleotide.

In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the −1 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence and a bulged nucleotide at the −2 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence. For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NN*N*nnnnnn, wherein N* represents a bulged nucleotide. In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a bulged nucleotide at the −2 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence and a bulged nucleotide at the −3 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence. For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of N*N*Nnnnnnn, wherein N* represents a bulged nucleotide.

In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a looped nucleotide in an exon or an intron. In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a looped nucleotide in an intron. In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a looped nucleotide downstream (3′) of the splice site of the splice site sequence.

In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a looped nucleotide at the +2 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence. For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNnn*nnnn, wherein n* represents a looped nucleotide. In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a looped nucleotide at the +3 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence. For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNnnn*nnn, wherein n* represents a looped nucleotide. In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a looped nucleotide at the +4 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence. For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNnnnn*nn, wherein n* represents a looped nucleotide. In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a looped nucleotide at the +5 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence. For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNnnnnn*n, wherein n* represents a looped nucleotide.

In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with one or more looped nucleotides at the +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, and/or +7 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence. For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNn*nnnnn, NNNnn*nnnn, NNNnnn*nnn, NNNnnnn*nn, NNNnnnnn*n, NNNnnnnnn*, or NNNnnnnnnn*, wherein n* represents a looped nucleotide.

In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a looped nucleotide at the +3 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence and a looped nucleotide at the +4 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence. For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNnnn*n*nn, wherein n* represents a looped nucleotide. In some embodiments, a target of an SMSM is a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence with a looped nucleotide at the +4 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence and a looped nucleotide at the +5 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence. For example, a target of an SMSM can be a pre-mRNA comprising a splice site sequence of NNNnnnn*n*n, wherein n* represents a looped nucleotide.

TABLE 2-1 Exemplary bulges formed by non-canonical 5′splice site Size Strand Position 1 nucleotide 5′ss −2 1 nucleotide 5′ss −1 1 nucleotide 5′ss +2 1 nucleotide 5′ss +3 1 nucleotide 5′ss +4 1 nucleotide 5′ss +5 1 nucleotide U1 Position 5 1 nucleotide U1 Position 6 1 nucleotide U1 Position 8 1 nucleotide U1 Position 9 2 nucleotide 5′ss +3/+4 2 nucleotide 5′ss +4/+5 2 nucleotide 5′ss +2/+3 2 nucleotide 5′ss +5/+6 2 nucleotide U1 Position 5/6

TABLE 2-2 Exemplary Loops formed by non-canonical 5′splice site Type 5′ss position U1 Position Asymmetric +3 Position 5/6 Asymmetric +3/+4 Position 6 Asymmetric +4/+5 Position 5 Symmetric +3 Position 6 Symmetric +4 Position 5 Symmetric +3/+4 Position 5/6

In some embodiments, an SMSM interacts with a bulged nucleotide of an RNA duplex comprising a splice site. In some embodiments, the RNA duplex comprises pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, an SMSM binds to an RNA duplex and interacts with an unpaired bulged nucleobase of an RNA duplex comprising a splice site. In some embodiments, a first portion of the SMSM interacts with the bulged nucleotide on a first RNA strand of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, a second portion of the SMSM interacts with one or more nucleotides of a second RNA strand of the RNA duplex, wherein the first RNA strand is not the second RNA strand. In some embodiments, the SMSM forms one or more intermolecular interactions with the duplex RNA, for example, an ionic interaction, a hydrogen bond, a dipole-dipole interaction, or a van der Waals interaction. In some embodiments, the SMSM forms one or more intermolecular interactions with the bulged nucleotide, for example, an ionic interaction, a hydrogen bond, a dipole-dipole interaction, or a van der Waals interaction.

In some embodiments, the duplex RNA comprises an alpha helix. In some embodiments, the bulged nucleotide is located on an external portion of a helix of the duplex RNA. In some embodiments, the bulged nucleotide is located within an internal portion of the helix of the duplex RNA.

In some embodiments, a rate of exchange of the bulged nucleotide from within the interior of a helix of the duplex RNA to an exterior portion of the helix is reduced.

In some embodiments, the SMSM modulates a distance of the bulged nucleotide from a second nucleotide of the duplex RNA. In some embodiments, the SMSM reduces the distance of the bulged nucleotide from a second nucleotide of the duplex RNA. In some embodiments, the SMSM increases the distance of the bulged nucleotide from a second nucleotide of the duplex RNA.

In some embodiments, the bulged nucleotide is located within the interior of a helix of the duplex RNA of the complex. In some embodiments, the bulged nucleotide has modulated base stacking within an RNA strand of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the bulged nucleotide has increased base stacking within an RNA strand of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the bulged nucleotide has decreased base stacking within an RNA strand of the RNA duplex and is looped out of the helix.

In some embodiments, the SMSM modulates splicing at the splice site of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the SMSM increases splicing at the splice site of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the SMSM reduces splicing at the splice site of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the SMSM reduces a size of a bulge of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the SMSM removes a bulge of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, the SMSM stabilizes a bulge of the RNA duplex.

In some embodiments, the unpaired bulged nucleotide is free to rotate around a phosphate backbone of an RNA strand of the RNA duplex in the absence of the SMSM. In some embodiments, the SMSM reduces a rate of rotation of the unpaired bulged nucleotide. In some embodiments, the SMSM reduces a rate of rotation of the unpaired bulged nucleotide around a phosphate backbone of an RNA strand of the RNA duplex.

In some embodiments, the SMSM is not an aptamer.

Also, provided herein is a method of modulating splicing comprising contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to a cell; wherein the SMSM interacts with an unpaired bulged nucleotide of an RNA duplex in the cell; wherein the duplex RNA comprises a splice site; and wherein the SMSM modulates splicing of the RNA duplex.

Provided herein is a method for modulating the relative position of a first nucleotide relative to a second nucleotide, wherein the first nucleotide and the second nucleotide are within a duplex RNA, the method comprising contacting a small molecule splicing modulator compound (SMSM) to the duplex RNA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the first nucleotide is a bulged nucleotide of the RNA duplex; wherein the duplex RNA comprises a splice site.

In some embodiments, the duplex RNA comprises a helix. In some embodiments, the bulged nucleotide is located on an external portion of a helix of the duplex RNA prior to contacting the SMSM.

In some embodiments, SMSM forms one or more intermolecular interactions with the duplex RNA.

In some embodiments, the SMSM forms one or more intermolecular interactions with an unpaired bulged nucleotide. In some embodiments, the intermolecular interaction is selected from the group comprising an ionic interaction, a hydrogen bond, a dipole-dipole interaction, or a van der Waals interaction.

In some embodiments, a rate of exchange of the unpaired bulged nucleotide from within the interior of a helix of the duplex RNA to an exterior portion of the helix is reduced. In some embodiments, a rate of rotation of the unpaired bulged nucleotide is reduced. In some embodiments, a rate of rotation of the unpaired bulged nucleotide around a phosphate backbone of an RNA strand of the RNA duplex is reduced. In some embodiments, a distance of the unpaired bulged nucleotide from a second nucleotide of the duplex RNA is modulated after contacting the SMSM. In some embodiments, the distance of the unpaired bulged nucleotide from a second nucleotide of the duplex RNA is reduced. In some embodiments, unpaired bulged nucleotide is located within the interior of the helix of the duplex RNA. In some embodiments, a size of a bulge of the RNA duplex is reduced. In some embodiments, a bulge of the RNA duplex is removed or maintained.

In some embodiments, splicing at the splice site of the RNA duplex is promoted. In some embodiments, splicing is enhanced at the splice site. In some embodiments, unpaired bulged nucleotide is stacked into the helix of the RNA duplex. In some embodiments, base stacking of the unpaired bulged nucleotide within an RNA strand of the RNA duplex is increased after contacting the SMSM. In some embodiments, the distance of the unpaired bulged nucleotide from a second nucleotide of the duplex RNA is increased or maintained. In some embodiments, a bulge of the RNA duplex is stabilized after contacting the SMSM. In some embodiments, the unpaired bulged nucleotide is located on an exterior portion of a helix of the duplex RNA. In some embodiments, a size of a bulge of the RNA duplex is increased. In some embodiments, splicing at the splice site of the RNA duplex is inhibited. In some embodiments, splicing is inhibited at the splice site. In some embodiments, base stacking of the unpaired bulged nucleotide within an RNA strand of the RNA duplex is reduced after contacting the SMSM.

In some embodiments, a mutation in native DNA and/or pre-mRNA, or an aberrant secondary or tertiary structure of RNA, creates a new splice site sequence. For example, a mutation or aberrant RNA structure may cause native regions of the RNA that are normally dormant, or play no role as splicing elements, to become activated and serve as splice sites or splice elements. Such splice sites and elements can be referred to as “cryptic.” For example, a native intron may become divided into two aberrant introns, with a new exon situated there between. For example, a mutation may create a new splice site between a native 5′ splice site and a native branch point. For example, a mutation may activate a cryptic branch point sequence between a native splice site and a native branch point. For example, a mutation may create a new splice site between a native branch point and a native splice site and may further activate a cryptic splice site and a cryptic branch point sequentially upstream from the aberrant mutated splice site.

In some embodiments, new splice site sequences that are generally dormant or not activated by the trans factor splicing machinery, can be activated. Dormant or “cryptic” 5′ splice sites (ss) can occur naturally to regulate tissue specific expression, especially RNA-binding protein expression. Often cryptic splice sites can lie within the introns and/or exons where the splicing machinery generally does not recognize. Cryptic splice sites generally have weaker 5′ss strengths. An SMSM targeting a bulge or other secondary/tertiary RNA structure may cause a cryptic 5′ss region of the RNA that are normally dormant, to become activated and serve as splice sites or splice elements. Such splice sites and elements can be referred to as “cryptic.”

In some embodiments, a mutation or misexpression of trans-acting proteins that regulate splicing activity may cause native regions of the RNA that are normally dormant, or play no role as splicing elements, to become activated and serve as splice sites or splice elements. For example, a mutation or misexpression of an SR protein may cause native regions of the RNA that are normally dormant, or play no role as splicing elements, to become activated and serve as splice sites or splice elements.

In some embodiments, splicing at a splice site sequence of a polynucleotide of primary cells is modulated. In some embodiments, splicing at a splice site sequence of a polynucleotide of cells of a tumor is modulated. In some embodiments, the SMSM modulates splicing at a cryptic splice site sequence. In some embodiments, an SMSM modulates splicing of splice site of a polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is transcribed from the gene. In some embodiments, SMSM modulates exon inclusion in the polynucleotide and splicing of the splice site sequence. In some embodiments, the SMSM modulates cryptic exon inclusion in the polynucleotide and splicing of the splice site sequence. In some embodiments, the SMSM modulates splicing at a cryptic splice site sequence of a polynucleotide.

In some embodiments, an SMSM modulates cryptic exon inclusion. In some embodiments, an SMSM modulates inclusion of a poison exon. In some embodiments, an SMSM promotes NMD. In some embodiments, an SMSM promotes inclusion of an exon that causes a reading frame shift in a downstream exon which introduces a premature stop codon to occur in the adjacent or in a downstream exon where the PTC is at least ˜50 to 55 nucleotides upstream of the final exon-exon junction. In some embodiments, an SMSM promotes inclusion of a poison exon that harbors an early termination codon within the reading frame, thereby triggering NMD. In some embodiments, an SMSM promotes inclusion of an upstream open reading frame (uORF), thereby triggering NMD. In some embodiments, an SMSM promotes inclusion of an intron after a termination codon, thereby triggering NMD. In some embodiments, an SMSM modulates splicing at a cryptic splice site within an exon, causing truncation or extension of the exon, which results in a reading frame shift in the exon or in a downstream exon that introduces a premature stop codon that is at least ˜50 to 55 nucleotides upstream of the final exon-exon junction, triggering NMD. In some embodiments, an SMSM modulates inclusion or exclusion of a native exon which is alternatively spliced. In some embodiments, the native exon harbors a premature stop codon, triggering NMD when included in a RNA transcript such as an mRNA.

In some embodiments, the SMSM modulates splicing at a splice site sequence of a polynucleotide in a cell of a subject, wherein the condition or disease is associated with gene containing one or more mutations that encode an aberrant mRNA and/or protein. In some embodiments, the condition or disease is associated with expression of an mRNA resulted from aberrant splicing. In some embodiments, the condition or disease is associated with aberrant expansion of one or more fragments of the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the SMSM modulates splicing at a splice site sequence of a polynucleotide in a cell of a subject, wherein the condition or disease is associated with overexpression of a gene product. For example, the SMSM may modulate splicing of a polynucleotide by retaining or splicing-in an exon that normally would not be retained in the splicing product. In some embodiments, the spliced-in exon may be a poison exon. The spliced-in exon may contain an element which may trigger NMD and degradation of the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the NMD triggering element is a premature termination codon. In some embodiments, the NMD triggering element is a mutation. In some embodiments, the NMD triggering element is a premature termination codon (PTC) in an exon downstream of a poison exon, for example, an exon immediately following the poison exon where the PTC is ˜50 to 55 nucleotides upstream of the last exon-exon junction.

In some embodiments, an SMSM modulates splicing by promoting or increasing splicing of the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, an SMSM modulates splicing by promoting or increasing splicing the splice site sequence. In some embodiments, an SMSM increases affinity of a splicing complex component to the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, an SMSM increases affinity of a splicing complex component to the polynucleotide at the splice site sequence, upstream of the splice site sequence or downstream of the splice site sequence. In some embodiments, an SMSM increases a rate of catalysis of splicing of the polynucleotide.

In some embodiments, an SMSM increases a rate of catalysis of splicing of the polynucleotide at the splice site sequence. In some embodiments, an SMSM decreases or reduces steric hindrance between a splicing complex component and the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, an SMSM decreases steric hindrance between a splicing complex component and the polynucleotide at the splice site sequence, 1-50000, 1-25000, 1-10000, 1-5000, or 1-1000 nucleobases bases upstream of the splice site sequence or 1-50000, 1-25000, 1-10000, 1-5000, or 1-1000 nucleobases downstream of the splice site sequence. In some embodiments, an SMSM decreases or reduces steric hindrance between a first splicing complex component and a second splicing complex component. In some embodiments, an SMSM promotes or increases binding of a first splicing complex component and a second splicing complex component. In some embodiments, an SMSM increases affinity of a first splicing complex component to a second splicing complex component. In some embodiments, an SMSM promotes or increases binding of a splicing complex component to the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, an SMSM promotes or increases binding of a splicing complex component to the polynucleotide at the splice site sequence, 1-50000, 1-25000, 1-10000, 1-5000, or 1-1000 nucleobases upstream of the splice site sequence or 1-50000, 1-25000, 1-10000, 1-5000, or 1-1000 nucleobases downstream of the splice site sequence. In some embodiments, an SMSM binds to a splicing complex component, the polynucleotide, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, an SMSM binds to the polynucleotide at the splice site sequence, 1-50000, 1-25000, 1-10000, 1-5000, or 1-1000 nucleobases upstream of the splice site sequence or 1-50000, 1-25000, 1-10000, 1-5000, or 1-1000 nucleobases downstream of the splice site sequence. In some embodiments, an SMSM structurally modulates a splicing complex component, the polynucleotide, or both. In some embodiments, an SMSM promotes or increases steric hindrance, steric shielding, steric attraction, chain crossing, steric repulsions, steric inhibition of resonance, steric inhibition of protonation, or a combination thereof of the polynucleotide, a splicing complex component or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, an SMSM reduces or decreases steric hindrance, steric shielding, steric attraction, chain crossing, steric repulsions, steric inhibition of resonance, steric inhibition of protonation, or a combination thereof of the polynucleotide, a splicing complex component, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, binding of an SMSM to a polynucleotide or a splicing complex component decreases conformational stability of a splice site sequence. In some embodiments, binding an SMSM to a polynucleotide or a splicing complex component creates a low energy state of the SMSM with the splice site. In some embodiments, binding of an SMSM to a polynucleotide increases conformational stability of a splice site sequence.

In some embodiments, an SMSM has a molecular weight of at most about 2000 Daltons, 1500 Daltons, 1000 Daltons or 900 Daltons. In some embodiments, an SMSM has a molecular weight of at least 100 Daltons, 200 Daltons, 300 Daltons, 400 Daltons, or 500 Daltons. In some embodiments, an SMSM does not comprise a phosphodiester linkage.

In some embodiments, an SMSM modulates splicing of a splice site sequence comprising a sequence

(SEQ ID NO: 1) AAAAGAguaagauuauau, (SEQ ID NO: 2) AUCAUGgugaggccccau, (SEQ ID NO: 3) UUACAGgugugagccacc, (SEQ ID NO: 4) AACAGA/guaagcaggagu, (SEQ ID NO: 5) UGAUGA/guaagagaguua, (SEQ ID NO: 6) AAUAGA/guaagauuauau, (SEQ ID NO: 7) AGGAGA/guaagaggaggg, (SEQ ID NO: 8) GACUAA/guauuugaagag, or (SEQ ID NO: 9) GACAGA/guaagaugaaaa.

TABLE 3 Exemplary poison exon inclusion targets 5′ ss 5′ ss-U1 Gene Exon Host Intron Target Exon sequence duplex name Coordinates Coordinates Strand site length (−6~+12) structure Disease AR1D1B chr6:  chr6: + Poison  145 nt AAAAGA/g −1 A bulge Ovarian cancer; 157,403,078- 157,256,711- Exon uaagauuauau entometrial 157,403,222 157,405,795 E4b (SEQ ID cancer NO: 1) POLQ chr3:  chr3: − Poison 1709 nt AUCAUG/g −2 U bulge BRCAness- 121,221,250- 121,217,518- Exon ugaggccccau Ovarian cancer; 121,222,95 121,228,407 E12c (SEQ ID breast cancer NO: 2) WRN chr8:  chr8: + Poison   94 nt UUACAG/g +4 U-Ψ Colon cancer;  30,931,625-  30,925,844- Exon ugugagccacc loop Lynch syndrome;  30,931,718  30,933,688 E7c (SEQ ID MSI NO: 3) PDE7A chr8:  chr8: − Poison  104 nt AACAGA/g −1 A bulge Leukemia  66,693,079-  66,692,039- exon uaagcaggagu  66,693,182  66,695,017 E2b (SEQ ID NO: 4) GCFC2 chr2:  chr2: − Poison  117 nt UGAUGA/g −1 A bulge Dyslexia;  75,929,817-  75,929,550- exon uaagagaguua reading disorder  75,929,933  75,933,648 E2b (SEQ ID NO: 5) ZMYM6 chr1:   chr1: − Poison   57 nt AAUAGA/g −1 A bulge Myasthenic  35,485,824- 35,485,204- exon uaagauuauau syndrome,  35,485,880  35,485,983 E3b (SEQ ID congenital, 6, NO: 6) presynaptic (CMS6) FHOD3 chr18:  chr18: + Poison   92 nt AGGAGA/g −1 A bulge Ischemic heart  34,322,340-  34,320,802- exon uaagaggaggg disease;  34,322,431  34,322,699 E18b (SEQ ID dilated NO: 7) cardiomyopathy CTNS chr17:  chr17: + Poison 110 nt GACUAA/g TBD Cystinosis   3,551,032-   3,550,817- exon uauuugaagag   3,551,141   3,552,140 E4b (SEQ ID NO: 8) EXOC3 chr5:  chr5: + Poison 172 nt GACAGA/g −1 A bulge Cancer     466,496-     465,961- exon uaagaugaaaa     466,667     466,841 E12b (SEQ ID NO: 9)

Methods of Treatment

The compositions and methods described herein can be used for treating a human disease or disorder associated with aberrant splicing, such as aberrant pre-mRNA splicing. The compositions and methods described herein can be used for treating a human disease or disorder by modulating mRNA, such as pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods described herein can be used for treating a human disease or disorder by modulating splicing of a nucleic acid even when that nucleic acid is not aberrantly spliced in the pathogenesis of the disease or disorder being treated.

Provided herein are methods of treating cancer or anon-cancer disease or condition in a mammal in need thereof. The method can comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a mammal with a cancer or anon-cancer disease or condition. In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to the use of an SMSM as described herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment, prevention and/or delay of progression of cancer or anon-cancer disease or condition. In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to the use of a steric modulator as described herein for the treatment, prevention and/or delay of progression of cancer or anon-cancer disease or condition.

In some embodiments, an effective amount in the context of the administration of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or composition or medicament thereof refers to an amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a patient which has a therapeutic effect and/or beneficial effect. In certain specific embodiments, an effective amount in the context of the administration of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or composition or medicament thereof to a patient results in one, two or more of the following effects: (i) reduces or ameliorates the severity of a disease; (ii) delays onset of a disease; (iii) inhibits the progression of a disease; (iv) reduces hospitalization of a subject; (v) reduces hospitalization length for a subject; (vi) increases the survival of a subject; (vii) improves the quality of life of a subject; (viii) reduces the number of symptoms associated with a disease; (ix) reduces or ameliorates the severity of a symptom associated with a disease; (x) reduces the duration of a symptom associated with a disease associated; (xi) prevents the recurrence of a symptom associated with a disease; (xii) inhibits the development or onset of a symptom of a disease; and/or (xiii) inhibits of the progression of a symptom associated with a disease. In some embodiments, an effective amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an amount effective to restore the amount of a RNA transcript of a gene to the amount of the RNA transcript detectable in healthy patients or cells from healthy patients. In other embodiments, an effective amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an amount effective to restore the amount an RNA isoform and/or protein isoform of gene to the amount of the RNA isoform and/or protein isoform detectable in healthy patients or cells from healthy patients.

In some embodiments, an effective amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an amount effective to decrease the aberrant amount of an RNA transcript of a gene which associated with a disease. In some embodiments, an effective amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an amount effective to decrease the amount of the aberrant expression of an isoform of a gene. In some embodiments, an effective amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an amount effective to result in a substantial change in the amount of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), alternative splice variant, or isoform.

In some embodiments, an effective amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an amount effective to decrease the amount of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript) of a gene, which is beneficial for the prevention and/or treatment of a disease. In some embodiments, an effective amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an amount effective to increase the amount of an alternative splice variant of an RNA transcript of a gene, which is beneficial for the prevention and/or treatment of a disease. In some embodiments, an effective amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an amount effective to decrease the amount of an isoform of a gene, which is beneficial for the prevention and/or treatment of a disease.

In some embodiments, an effective amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an amount effective to decrease the amount of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript) which causes or is related to the symptoms of the condition or disease. In particular embodiments, the SMSM decreases the amount of an RNA transcript that causes or relates to the symptoms of the condition or disease by modulating one or more splicing elements of the RNA transcript. In some embodiments, the SMSM promotes inclusion of one or more exons and/or introns that relate to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). In some embodiments, the one or more exons harbor a premature stop codon. In particular embodiments, the premature stop codon is an in-frame codon that does not cause frameshift of the downstream exon(s). In some embodiments, inclusion of the one or more exons causes a reading frame shift in a downstream exon, for example, in the immediately downstream exon, introducing a premature stop codon.

A method of treating a disease or a condition in a subject in need thereof can comprise administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a method for the treatment, prevention and/or delay of progression of, for example, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, Lynch syndrome, MSI, leukemia, Dyslexia, reading disorder, Myasthenic syndrome, congenital, 6, presynaptic (CMS6), Ischemic heart disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, Cystinosis, or other types of cancer, comprising administering an effective amount of an SMSM as described herein to a subject, in particular to a mammal.

In some embodiments, an effective amount in the context of the administration of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or composition or medicament thereof refers to an amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a patient which has a therapeutic effect and/or beneficial effect. In certain specific embodiments, an effective amount in the context of the administration of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or composition or medicament thereof to a patient results in one, two or more of the following effects: (i) reduces or ameliorates the severity of a disease; (ii) delays onset of a disease; (iii) inhibits the progression of a disease; (iv) reduces hospitalization of a subject; (v) reduces hospitalization length for a subject; (vi) increases the survival of a subject; (vii) improves the quality of life of a subject; (viii) reduces the number of symptoms associated with a disease; (ix) reduces or ameliorates the severity of a symptom associated with a disease; (x) reduces the duration of a symptom associated with a disease associated; (xi) prevents the recurrence of a symptom associated with a disease; (xii) inhibits the development or onset of a symptom of a disease; and/or (xiii) inhibits of the progression of a symptom associated with a disease. In some embodiments, an effective amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an amount effective to restore the amount of a RNA transcript of a gene to the amount of the RNA transcript detectable in healthy patients or cells from healthy patients. In other embodiments, an effective amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an amount effective to restore the amount an RNA isoform and/or protein isoform of gene to the amount of the RNA isoform and/or protein isoform detectable in healthy patients or cells from healthy patients.

In some embodiments, an effective amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an amount effective to decrease the aberrant amount of an RNA transcript of a gene which associated with a disease. In some embodiments, an effective amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an amount effective to decrease the amount of the aberrant expression of an isoform of a gene. In some embodiments, an effective amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an amount effective to result in a substantial change in the amount of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), alternative splice variant, or isoform.

In some embodiments, an effective amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an amount effective to decrease the amount of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript) of a gene, which is beneficial for the prevention and/or treatment of a disease. In some embodiments, an effective amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an amount effective to increase the amount of an alternative splice variant of an RNA transcript of a gene, which is beneficial for the prevention and/or treatment of a disease. In some embodiments, an effective amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an amount effective to decrease the amount of an isoform of a gene, which is beneficial for the prevention and/or treatment of a disease. Non-limiting examples of effective amounts of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are described herein. For example, the effective amount may be the amount required to prevent and/or treat a disease associated with the aberrant amount of an mRNA transcript of gene in a human subject. In general, the effective amount will be in a range of from about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 500 mg/kg/day for a patient having a weight in a range of between about 1 kg to about 200 kg. The typical adult subject is expected to have a median weight in a range of between about 70 and about 100 kg.

In one embodiment, an SMSM described herein can be used in the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of diseases or conditions described herein. In addition, a method for treating any of the diseases or conditions described herein in a subject in need of such treatment, can involve administration of pharmaceutical compositions that includes at least one SMSM described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof, in a therapeutically effective amount to a subject.

In certain embodiments, an SMSM described herein can be administered for prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments. In certain therapeutic applications, the compositions are administered to a patient already suffering from a disease or a condition, in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest at least one of the symptoms of the disease or the condition. Amounts effective for this use depend on the severity and course of the disease or the condition, previous therapy, the patient's health status, weight, and response to the drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician. Therapeutically effective amounts are optionally determined by methods including, but not limited to, a dose escalation clinical trial. In prophylactic applications, compositions containing an SMSM described herein can be administered to a patient susceptible to or otherwise at risk of a particular disease, disorder, or condition. In certain embodiments, the dose of drug being administered may be temporarily reduced or temporarily suspended for a certain length of time (i.e., a “drug holiday”). Doses employed for adult human treatment typically range of 0.01 mg-5000 mg per day or from about 1 mg to about 1000 mg per day. In some embodiments, a desired dose is conveniently presented in a single dose or in divided doses.

For combination therapies described herein, dosages of the co-administered compounds can vary depending on the type of co-drug(s) employed, on the specific drug(s) employed, on the disease or the condition being treated and so forth. In additional embodiments, when co-administered with one or more other therapeutic agents, the compound provided herein is administered either simultaneously with the one or more other therapeutic agents, or sequentially. If administration is simultaneous, the multiple therapeutic agents can be, by way of example only, provided in a single, unified form, or in multiple forms.

Conditions and Diseases

In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an SMSM described herein for use in the treatment, prevention and/or delay of progression of ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, Lynch syndrome, MSI, leukemia, Dyslexia, reading disorder, Myasthenic syndrome, congenital, 6, presynaptic (CMS6), Ischemic heart disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, Cystinosis, or other types of cancer.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an SMSM described herein for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, neuroblastoma, Coffin-Siris syndrome, or autism spectrum disorder. In some embodiments, a subject may be suffering from one or more of the herein mentioned conditions associated with a splicing product of the ARID1B pre-mRNA. The ARID1B gene encodes a subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1B. SWI/SNF complexes are involved in many cellular processes, including repair and replication of DNA, and control of cellular growth, division, and maturation, and thus, the ARID1B protein and other SWI/SNF subunits are considered as tumor suppressors. Germline mutations in the ARID1B are associated with Coffin-Siris syndrome and somatic mutations are associated with several cancer subtypes including breast cancer, neuroblastoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. ARID1A, a related mutually exclusive homolog of ARID1B in the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, is also frequently mutated across a wide variety of human cancers. Recent studies have found that ARID1B is required for the survival of ARID1A-mutant cancer cell lines as the loss of ARID 1B in ARID1A-mutant cells destabilizes SWI/SNF complex and impairs proliferation of the cells, indicating that ARID1B can be a potential therapeutic target for ARID1A-mutant cancers. In some embodiments, the splicing product of the ARID1B pre-mRNA is an aberrant splicing product.

In some embodiments, the splicing product of the ARID1B pre-mRNA is an aberrant splicing product resulted from a mutation in the ARID1B gene. In some embodiments, a splicing product of the ARID1B pre-mRNA encodes an aberrant polypeptide. In some embodiments, a splicing product of the ARID1B pre-mRNA may encode an aberrant polypeptide that resulted from a mutation in the ARID1B gene. In some embodiments, the mutation is a gain-of-function mutation.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an SMSM described herein for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of ovarian cancer or breast cancer. In some embodiments, a subject may be suffering from one or more of the herein mentioned conditions associated with a splicing product of the POLQ pre-mRNA. The POLQ gene encodes DNA polymerase theta, which plays an important role in DNA double-strand break repair pathway called microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). MMEJ is an error-prone DNA repair pathway that causes deletions of DNA sequences from the strand being repaired and promotes genomic rearrangements, such as telomere fusions, some of which lead to cellular transformation. Overexpression of POLQ has been associated with different types of cancers including breast and ovarian cancers. In some embodiments, the splicing product of the POLQ pre-mRNA is an aberrant splicing product. In some embodiments, the splicing product of the POLQ pre-mRNA is an aberrant splicing product resulted from a mutation in the POLQ gene. In some embodiments, a splicing product of the POLQ pre-mRNA encodes an aberrant polypeptide. In some embodiments, a splicing product of the POLQ pre-mRNA may encode an aberrant polypeptide that resulted from a mutation in the POLQ gene. In some embodiments, the mutation is a gain-of-function mutation.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an SMSM described herein for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of colon cancer, Lynch syndrome, Werner syndrome, prostate cancer, or MSI-related cancers. In some embodiments, a subject may be suffering from one or more of the herein mentioned conditions associated with a splicing product of the WRN pre-mRNA. The WRN gene encodes the Werner protein, which functions as a helicase and an exonuclease, and plays a critical role in DNA repair. More than 60 mutations in the WRN gene are known to cause Werner syndrome and most of these mutations result in an abnormally truncated, nonfunctional WRN protein that are not transported into the nucleus of the cells and degraded more quickly than a functional WRN protein. Epigenetic alterations in the WRN gene involving methylation have been found in nonhereditary tumors including colon, rectal, lung, stomach, prostate, breast, and thyroid tumors. DNA hypermethylation can cause decrease in gene expression resulting in low levels of protein and the lack of Werner protein allows mutations to accumulate in other genes, which may cause increased cell proliferation leading to tumor formation. On the other hand, depletion or inactivation of WRN was shown to promote apoptosis and cell cycle arrest preferentially in MSI-related cancer cells. MSI, or microsatellite instability, is caused by defects in DNA mismatch repair (MMR; e.g., mutations in MMR genes such as MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, or MLH1), which promotes a hypermutable state with frequent insertion and/or deletion mutations that occur in nucleotide repeat regions (known as microsatellites). MSI is indicated in several types of cancers including colon, gastric, endometrial, and ovarian cancers. This suggests that WRN can be a potential therapeutic target for MSI-related cancers. In some embodiments, the splicing product of the WRN pre-mRNA is an aberrant splicing product. In some embodiments, the splicing product of the WRN pre-mRNA is an aberrant splicing product resulted from a mutation in the WRN gene. In some embodiments, a splicing product of the WRN pre-mRNA encodes an aberrant polypeptide. In some embodiments, a splicing product of the WRN pre-mRNA may encode an aberrant polypeptide that resulted from a mutation in the WRN gene. In some embodiments, the mutation is a gain-of-function mutation.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an SMSM described herein for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of leukemia or cancer. In some embodiments, a subject may be suffering from one or more of the herein mentioned conditions associated with a splicing product of the PDE7A pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the splicing product of the PDE7A pre-mRNA is an aberrant splicing product. In some embodiments, the splicing product of the PDE7A pre-mRNA is an aberrant splicing product resulted from a mutation in the PDE7A gene. In some embodiments, a splicing product of the PDE7A pre-mRNA encodes an aberrant polypeptide. In some embodiments, a splicing product of the PDE7A pre-mRNA may encode an aberrant polypeptide that resulted from a mutation in the PDE7A gene. In some embodiments, the mutation is a gain-of-function mutation.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an SMSM described herein for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of Dyslexia or reading disorder. In some embodiments, a subject may be suffering from one or more of the herein mentioned conditions associated with a splicing product of the GCFC2 pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the splicing product of the GCFC2 pre-mRNA is an aberrant splicing product. In some embodiments, the splicing product of the GCFC2 pre-mRNA is an aberrant splicing product resulted from a mutation in the GCFC2 gene. In some embodiments, a splicing product of the GCFC2 pre-mRNA encodes an aberrant polypeptide. In some embodiments, a splicing product of the GCFC2 pre-mRNA may encode an aberrant polypeptide that resulted from a mutation in the GCFC2 gene. In some embodiments, the mutation is a gain-of-function mutation.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an SMSM described herein for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of Myasthenic syndrome, congenital, 6, presynaptic (CMS6). In some embodiments, the splicing product of the ZMYM6 pre-mRNA is an aberrant splicing product. In some embodiments, the splicing product of the ZMYM6 pre-mRNA is an aberrant splicing product resulted from a mutation in the ZMYM6 gene. In some embodiments, a splicing product of the ZMYM6 pre-mRNA encodes an aberrant polypeptide. In some embodiments, a splicing product of the ZMYM6 pre-mRNA may encode an aberrant polypeptide that resulted from a mutation in the ZMYM6 gene. In some embodiments, the mutation is a gain-of-function mutation.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an SMSM described herein for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of ischemic heart disease or dilated cardiomyopathy. In some embodiments, a subject may be suffering from one or more of the herein mentioned conditions associated with a splicing product of the FHOD3 pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the splicing product of the FHOD3 pre-mRNA is an aberrant splicing product. In some embodiments, the splicing product of the FHOD3 pre-mRNA is an aberrant splicing product resulted from a mutation in the FHOD3 gene. In some embodiments, a splicing product of the FHOD3 pre-mRNA encodes an aberrant polypeptide. In some embodiments, a splicing product of the FHOD3 pre-mRNA may encode an aberrant polypeptide that resulted from a mutation in the FHOD3 gene. In some embodiments, the mutation is a gain-of-function mutation.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an SMSM described herein for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of Cystinosis. In some embodiments, the splicing product of the CTNS pre-mRNA is an aberrant splicing product. In some embodiments, the splicing product of the CTNS pre-mRNA is an aberrant splicing product resulted from a mutation in the CTNS gene. In some embodiments, a splicing product of the CTNS pre-mRNA encodes an aberrant polypeptide. In some embodiments, a splicing product of the CTNS pre-mRNA may encode an aberrant polypeptide that resulted from a mutation in the CTNS gene. In some embodiments, the mutation is a gain-of-function mutation.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an SMSM described herein for use in the treatment, prevention, and/or delay of progression of cancers. In some embodiments, the splicing product of the EXOC3 pre-mRNA is an aberrant splicing product. In some embodiments, the splicing product of the EXOC3 pre-mRNA is an aberrant splicing product resulted from a mutation in the EXOC3 gene. In some embodiments, a splicing product of the EXOC3 pre-mRNA encodes an aberrant polypeptide. In some embodiments, a splicing product of the EXOC3 pre-mRNA may encode an aberrant polypeptide that resulted from a mutation in the EXOC3 gene. In some embodiments, the mutation is a gain-of-function mutation.

Methods of Administering

The compositions described herein can be administered to the subject in a variety of ways, including parenterally, intravenously, intradermally, intramuscularly, colonically, rectally or intraperitoneally. In some embodiments, the small molecule splicing modulator or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered by intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection, or intravenous injection of the subject. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions can be administered parenterally, intravenously, intramuscularly or orally. The oral agents comprising a small molecule splicing modulator can be in any suitable form for oral administration, such as liquid, tablets, capsules, or the like. The oral formulations can be further coated or treated to prevent or reduce dissolution in stomach. The compositions of the present invention can be administered to a subject using any suitable methods known in the art. Suitable formulations for use in the present invention and methods of delivery are generally well known in the art. For example, the small molecule splicing modulators described herein can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier, or excipient. The compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions including pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents and the like, such as, for example, sodium acetate, sodium lactate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, etc.

Pharmaceutical formulations described herein can be administrable to a subject in a variety of ways by multiple administration routes, including but not limited to, oral, parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intramedullary injections, intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intralymphatic, intranasal injections), intranasal, buccal, topical or transdermal administration routes. The pharmaceutical formulations described herein include, but are not limited to, aqueous liquid dispersions, self-emulsifying dispersions, solid solutions, liposomal dispersions, aerosols, solid dosage forms, powders, immediate release formulations, controlled release formulations, fast melt formulations, tablets, capsules, pills, delayed release formulations, extended release formulations, pulsatile release formulations, multiparticulate formulations, and mixed immediate and controlled release formulations.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are administered orally. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are administered topically. In such embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are formulated into a variety of topically administrable compositions, such as solutions, suspensions, lotions, gels, pastes, shampoos, scrubs, rubs, smears, medicated sticks, medicated bandages, balms, creams, or ointments. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are administered topically to the skin. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are administered by inhalation. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are formulated for intranasal administration. Such formulations include nasal sprays, nasal mists, and the like. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are formulated as eye drops. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are: (a) systemically administered to the mammal; and/or (b) administered orally to the mammal; and/or (c) intravenously administered to the mammal; and/or (d) administered by inhalation to the mammal; and/or (e) administered by nasal administration to the mammal; or and/or (f) administered by injection to the mammal; and/or (g) administered topically to the mammal; and/or (h) administered by ophthalmic administration; and/or (i) administered rectally to the mammal; and/or (j) administered non-systemically or locally to the mammal. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are administered orally to the mammal. In certain embodiments, an SMSM described herein is administered in a local rather than systemic manner. In some embodiments, an SMSM described herein is administered topically. In some embodiments, an SMSM described herein is administered systemically.

Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.

For administration by inhalation, the compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser that contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.

Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.

SMSMs suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EL™ (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In all cases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against contamination from microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as manitol, sorbitol, and sodium chloride in the composition.

Dosing and Schedules

The SMSMs utilized in the methods of the invention can be, e.g., administered at dosages that may be varied depending upon the requirements of the subject, the severity of the condition being treated and/or imaged, and/or the SMSM being employed. For example, dosages can be empirically determined considering the type and stage of disease diagnosed in a particular subject and/or the type of imaging modality being used in conjunction with the SMSMs. The dose administered to a subject, in the context of the present invention should be sufficient to affect a beneficial diagnostic or therapeutic response in the subject. The size of the dose also can be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side-effects that accompany the administration of an SMSM in a particular subject.

It is advantageous to formulate compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of individuals. Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD₅₀ (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED₅₀ (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD₅₀/ED₅₀. Compounds that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. While compounds that exhibit toxic side effects may be used, care should be taken to design a delivery system that targets such compounds to the site of affected tissue to minimize potential damage to uninfected cells and, thereby, reduce side effects.

Therapeutic index data obtained from cell culture assays and/or animal studies can be used in predicting the therapeutic index in vivo and formulating a range of dosages for use in subjects, such as human subjects. The data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED₅₀ with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For any compound used in the method of the invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography. Various animal models and clinical assays for evaluating effectiveness of a particular SMSM in preventing or reducing a disease or a condition are known in the art may be used in the present invention. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. The exact formulation, route of administration and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition. (See e.g. Fingl et al, 1975, In: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Ch. 1 pi).

In some aspects, the SMSMs provided have a therapeutic index (LD₅₀/ED₅₀) of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 10000, or 100000 or more. In some aspects, the SMSMs provided have a therapeutic index (LD₅₀/ED₅₀) of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 10000, or 100000 or more as determined in cell culture.

In some aspects, the SMSMs provided have an IC₅₀ viability/EC₅₀ splicing value of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 10000, or 100000 or more. In some aspects, the SMSMs provided have an IC₅₀ viability/EC₅₀ splicing value of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 10000, or 100000 or more as determined in cell culture.

A dosage of using an SMSM when administered may be at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 grams/m² in humans, or a dosage in another subject comparable to that in humans. A dosage (“dosage X”) of an SMSM in a subject other than a human is comparable to a dosage (“dosage Y”) of the SMSM in humans if the serum concentration of the scavenger in the subject post administration of the SMSM at dosage X is equal to the serum concentration of the SMSM in humans post administration of the compound at dosage Y.

Within the scope of the present description, the effective amount of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the manufacture of a medicament, the preparation of a pharmaceutical kit or in a method for preventing and/or treating a disease in a human subject in need thereof, is intended to include an amount in a range of from about 1 pg to about 50 grams.

The compositions of the present invention can be administered as frequently as necessary, including hourly, daily, weekly, or monthly.

In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprising single administrations of an effective amount of an SMSM described herein, including further embodiments in which (i) the compound is administered once; (ii) the compound is administered to the mammal multiple times over the span of one day; (iii) continually; or (iv) continuously.

In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprising multiple administrations of the effective amount of an SMSM described herein, including further embodiments in which (i) the compound is administered continuously or intermittently: as in a single dose; (ii) the time between multiple administrations is every 6 hours; (iii) the compound is administered to the mammal every 8 hours; (iv) the compound is administered to the mammal every 12 hours; (v) the compound is administered to the mammal every 24 hours. In further or alternative embodiments, the method comprises a drug holiday, wherein the administration of an SMSM described herein is temporarily suspended or the dose of the compound being administered is temporarily reduced; at the end of the drug holiday, dosing of the compound is resumed. In one embodiment, the length of the drug holiday varies from 2 days to 1 year.

Combination Therapies

In certain instances, it is appropriate to administer at least one SMSM described herein in combination with another therapeutic agent. For example, a compound SMSM described herein can be co-administered with a second therapeutic agent, wherein SMSM and the second therapeutic agent modulate different aspects of the disease, disorder or condition being treated, thereby providing a greater overall benefit than administration of either therapeutic agent alone.

In some embodiments, an SMSM described herein can be used in combination with an anti-cancer therapy. In some embodiments, a steric modulator is used in combination with conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, and/or immunotherapy. In some embodiments, an SMSM described herein can be used in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents including alkylating agents (e.g., temozolomide, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, chlorambucil, busulfan, melphalan, mechlorethamine, uramustine, thiotepa, nitrosoureas, etc.), anti-metabolites (e.g., 5-fluorouracil, azathioprine, methotrexate, leucovorin, capecitabine, cytarabine, floxuridine, fludarabine, gemcitabine, pemetrexed, raltitrexed, etc.), plant alkaloids (e.g., vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine, podophyllotoxin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, etc.), topoisomerase inhibitors (e.g., irinotecan, topotecan, amsacrine, etoposide (VP16), etoposide phosphate, teniposide, etc.), antitumor antibiotics (e.g., doxorubicin, adriamycin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, actinomycin, bleomycin, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, plicamycin, etc.), platinum-based compounds (e.g., cisplatin, oxaloplatin, carboplatin, etc.), EGFR inhibitors (e.g., gefitinib, erlotinib, etc.), PARP inhibitors (e.g., olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib, talazoparib, etc.), and the like. In some embodiments, an SMSM described herein can be used in combination with prostate cancer drugs including enzalutamide, niclosamide, and the like.

In some embodiments, an SMSM may be administered in combination with one or more other SMSMs.

AN SMSM may be administered to a subject in need thereof prior to, concurrent with, or following the administration of chemotherapeutic agents. For instance, SMSMs may be administered to a subject at least 8 hours, 7 hours, 6 hours, 5 hours, 4 hours, 3 hours, 2 hours, 1.5 hours, 1 hour, or 30 minutes before the starting time of the administration of chemotherapeutic agent(s). In certain embodiments, they may be administered concurrent with the administration of chemotherapeutic agent(s). In other words, in these embodiments, SMSMs are administrated at the same time when the administration of chemotherapeutic agent(s) starts. In other embodiments, SMSMs may be administered following the starting time of administration of chemotherapeutic agent(s) (e.g., at least 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, or 8 hours after the starting time of administration of chemotherapeutic agents). Alternatively, SMSMs may be administered at least 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, or 8 hours after the completion of administration of chemotherapeutic agents. Generally, these SMSMs are administered for a sufficient period of time so that the disease or the condition is prevented or reduced. Such sufficient period of time may be identical to, or different from, the period during which chemotherapeutic agent(s) are administered. In certain embodiments, multiple doses of SMSMs are administered for each administration of a chemotherapeutic agent or a combination of multiple chemotherapeutic agents.

In certain embodiments, an appropriate dosage of an SMSM is combined with a specific timing and/or a particular route to achieve the optimum effect in preventing or reducing the disease or the condition. For instance, an SMSM may be administered to a human orally at least 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, or 12 hours; or at least 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days; or at least 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks or 4 weeks; or at least 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, or 12 months; prior to or after the beginning or the completion, of the administration of a chemotherapeutic agent or a combination of chemotherapeutic agents.

Subjects

The subjects that can be treated with the SMSMs and methods described herein can be any subject that produces mRNA that is subject to alternative splicing, e.g., the subject may be a eukaryotic subject, such as a plant or an animal. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal, e.g., human. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human animal. In some embodiments, the subject is a fetus, an embryo, or a child. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human primate such as chimpanzee, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats; laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, mice and guinea pigs, and the like.

In some embodiments, the subject is prenatal (e.g., a fetus), a child (e.g., a neonate, an infant, a toddler, a preadolescent), an adolescent, a pubescent, or an adult (e.g., an early adult, a middle aged adult, a senior citizen). The human subject can be between about 0 months and about 120 years old, or older. The human subject can be between about 0 and about 12 months old; for example, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months old. The human subject can be between about 0 and 12 years old; for example, between about 0 and 30 days old; between about 1 month and 12 months old; between about 1 year and 3 years old; between about 4 years and 5 years old; between about 4 years and 12 years old; about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 years old. The human subject can be between about 13 years and 19 years old; for example, about 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19 years old. The human subject can be between about 20 and about 39 year old; for example, about 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, or 39 years old. The human subject can be between about 40 to about 59 years old; for example, about 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, or 59 years old. The human subject can be greater than 59 years old; for example, about 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, or 120 years old. The human subjects can include living subjects or deceased subjects. The human subjects can include male subjects and/or female subjects.

Assays

Gene expression experiments often involve measuring the relative amount of gene expression products, such as mRNA, expressed in two or more experimental conditions. This is because altered levels of a specific sequence of a gene expression product can suggest a changed need for the protein coded for by the gene expression product, perhaps indicating a homeostatic response or a pathological condition.

In some embodiments, a method can comprise measuring, assaying, or obtaining expression levels of one or more genes. In some cases, the method provides a number or a range of numbers, of genes that the expression levels of the genes can be used to diagnose, characterize, or categorize a biological sample. In some embodiments, the gene expression data corresponds to data of an expression level of one or more biomarkers that are related to a disease or a condition. The number of genes used can be between about 1 and about 500; for example about 1-500, 1-400, 1-300, 1-200, 1-100, 1-50, 1-25, 1-10, 10-500, 10-400, 10-300, 10-200, 10-100, 10-50, 10-25, 25-500, 25-400, 25-300, 25-200, 25-100, 25-50, 50-500, 50-400, 50-300, 50-200, 50-100, 100-500, 100-400, 100-300, 100-200, 200-500, 200-400, 200-300, 300-500, 300-400, 400-500, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, or any included range or integer. For example, at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 48, 50, 53, 58, 63, 65, 68, 100, 120, 140, 142, 145, 147, 150, 152, 157, 160, 162, 167, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 300, 400, 500 or more total genes can be used. The number of genes used can be less than or equal to about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 48, 50, 53, 58, 63, 65, 68, 100, 120, 140, 142, 145, 147, 150, 152, 157, 160, 162, 167, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 300, 400, 500, or more.

In some embodiments, relative gene expression, as compared to normal cells and/or tissues of the same organ, can be determined by measuring the relative rates of transcription of RNA, such as by production of corresponding cDNAs and then analyzing the resulting DNA using probes developed from the gene sequences as corresponding to a genetic marker. Thus, the levels of cDNA produced by use of reverse transcriptase with the full RNA complement of a cell suspected of being cancerous produces a corresponding amount of cDNA that can then be amplified using polymerase chain reaction, or some other means, such as linear amplification, isothermal amplification, NASB, or rolling circle amplification, to determine the relative levels of resulting cDNA and, thereby, the relative levels of gene expression. General methods for determining gene expression product levels are known to the art and may include but are not limited to one or more of the following: additional cytological assays, assays for specific proteins or enzyme activities, assays for specific expression products including protein or RNA or specific RNA splice variants, in situ hybridization, whole or partial genome expression analysis, microarray hybridization assays, SAGE, enzyme linked immuno-absorbance assays, mass-spectrometry, immuno-histochemistry, blotting, microarray, RT-PCR, quantitative PCR, sequencing, RNA sequencing, DNA sequencing (e.g., sequencing of cDNA obtained from RNA); Next-Gen sequencing, nanopore sequencing, pyrosequencing, or Nanostring hybridization. Gene expression product levels may be normalized to an internal standard such as total mRNA or the expression level of a particular gene including but not limited to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, or tubulin.

Gene expression data generally comprises the measurement of the activity (or the expression) of a plurality of genes, to create a picture of cellular function. Gene expression data can be used, for example, to distinguish between cells that are actively dividing, or to show how the cells react to a particular treatment. Microarray technology can be used to measure the relative activity of previously identified target genes and other expressed sequences. Sequence based techniques, like serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE, SuperSAGE) are also used for assaying, measuring or obtaining gene expression data. SuperSAGE is especially accurate and can measure any active gene, not just a predefined set. In an RNA, mRNA, or gene expression profiling microarray, the expression levels of thousands of genes can be simultaneously monitored to study the effects of certain treatments, diseases, and developmental stages on gene expression.

In accordance with the foregoing, the expression level of a gene, marker, gene expression product, mRNA, pre-mRNA, or a combination thereof may be determined using northern blotting and employing the sequences as identified herein to develop probes for this purpose. Such probes may be composed of DNA, RNA, or synthetic nucleotides, or a combination of these and may advantageously be comprised of a contiguous stretch of nucleotide residues matching, or complementary to, a sequence corresponding to a genetic marker. Such probes will most usefully comprise a contiguous stretch of at least 15-200 residues or more including 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 175, or 200 nucleotides or more. Thus, where a single probe binds multiple times to the transcriptome of experimental cells, whereas binding of the same probe to a similar amount of transcriptome derived from the genome of control cells of the same organ or tissue results in observably more or less binding, this is indicative of differential expression of a gene, marker, gene expression product, mRNA, or pre-mRNA comprising, or corresponding to, sequences corresponding to a genetic marker from which the probe sequence was derived.

In some embodiments of the present invention, gene expression may be determined by microarray analysis using, for example, Affymetrix arrays, cDNA microarrays, oligonucleotide microarrays, spotted microarrays, or other microarray products from Biorad, Agilent, or Eppendorf. Microarrays provide particular advantages because they may contain a large number of genes or alternative splice variants that may be assayed in a single experiment. In some cases, the microarray device may contain the entire human genome or transcriptome or a substantial fraction thereof allowing a comprehensive evaluation of gene expression patterns, genomic sequence, or alternative splicing. Markers may be found using standard molecular biology and microarray analysis techniques as described in Sambrook Molecular Cloning a Laboratory Manual 2001 and Baldi, P., and Hatfield, W. G., DNA Microarrays and Gene Expression 2002.

Microarray analysis generally begins with extracting and purifying nucleic acid from a biological sample, (e.g. a biopsy or fine needle aspirate) using methods known to the art. For expression and alternative splicing analysis it may be advantageous to extract and/or purify RNA from DNA. It may further be advantageous to extract and/or purify mRNA from other forms of RNA such as tRNA and rRNA. In some embodiments, RNA samples with RIN ≤5.0 are typically not used for multi-gene microarray analysis, and may instead be used only for single-gene RT-PCR and/or TaqMan assays. Microarray, RT-PCR, and TaqMan assays are standard molecular techniques well known in the relevant art. TaqMan probe-based assays are widely used in real-time PCR including gene expression assays, DNA quantification, and SNP genotyping.

Various kits can be used for the amplification of nucleic acid and probe generation of the subject methods. In some embodiments, Ambion WT-expression kit can be used. Ambion WT-expression kit allows amplification of total RNA directly without a separate ribosomal RNA (rRNA) depletion step. With the Ambion® WT Expression Kit, samples as small as 50 ng of total RNA can be analyzed on Affymetrix® GeneChip® Human, Mouse, and Rat Exon and Gene 1.0 ST Arrays. In addition to the lower input RNA requirement and high concordance between the Affymetrix® method and TaqMan® real-time PCR data, the Ambion® WT Expression Kit provides a significant increase in sensitivity. For example, a greater number of probe sets detected above background can be obtained at the exon level with the Ambion® WT Expression Kit as a result of an increased signal-to-noise ratio. Ambion WT-expression kit may be used in combination with additional Affymetrix labeling kit.

In some embodiments, AmpTec Trinucleotide Nano mRNA Amplification kit (6299-A15) can be used in the subject methods. The ExpressArt® TRinucleotide mRNA amplification Nano kit is suitable for a wide range, from 1 ng to 700 ng of input total RNA. According to the amount of input total RNA and the required yields of a RNA, it can be used for 1-round (input >300 ng total RNA) or 2-rounds (minimal input amount 1 ng total RNA), with a RNA yields in the range of >10 pg. AmpTec's proprietary TRinucleotide priming technology results in preferential amplification of mRNAs (independent of the universal eukaryotic 3′-poly(A)-sequence), combined with selection against rRNAs. More information on AmpTec Trinucleotide Nano mRNA Amplification kit can be obtained at www.amp-tec.com/products.htm. This kit can be used in combination with cDNA conversion kit and Affymetrix labeling kit.

In some embodiments, gene expression levels can be obtained or measured in an individual without first obtaining a sample. For example, gene expression levels may be determined in vivo, that is in the individual. Methods for determining gene expression levels in vivo are known to the art and include imaging techniques such as CAT, MRI; NMR; PET; and optical, fluorescence, or biophotonic imaging of protein or RNA levels using antibodies or molecular beacons. Such methods are described in US 2008/0044824, US 2008/0131892, herein incorporated by reference. Additional methods for in vivo molecular profiling are contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention.

Provided herein are methods for determining whether an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the amount of one, two, three or more RNA transcripts (e.g., pre-mRNA or mRNA transcripts or isoforms thereof) of one, two, three or more genes.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a method for determining whether an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the amount of an RNA transcript, comprising: (a) contacting a cell with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (b) determining the amount of the RNA transcript produced by the cell, wherein an alteration in the amount of the RNA transcript in the presence of the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof relative to the amount of the RNA transcript in the absence of the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control such as PBS or DMSO) indicates that the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the amount of the RNA transcript. In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for determining whether an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the amount of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) contacting a first cell with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) contacting a second cell with a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control, such as PBS or DMSO); and (c) determining the amount of the RNA transcript produced by the first cell and the second cell; and (d) comparing the amount of the RNA transcript produced by the first cell to the amount of the RNA transcript expressed by the second cell, wherein an alteration in the amount of the RNA transcript produced by the first cell relative to the amount of the RNA transcript produced by the second cell indicates that the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the amount of the RNA transcript. In some embodiments, the contacting of the cell with the compound occurs in cell culture. In other embodiments, the contacting of the cell with the compound occurs in a subject, such as a non-human animal subject. In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for determining whether an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the splicing of an RNA transcript (e.g., a pre-mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) culturing a cell in the presence of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (b) determining the amount of the two or more RNA transcripts splice variants produced by the cell, wherein an alteration in the amount of the two or more RNA transcripts in the presence of the compound relative to the amount of the two or more RNA transcripts splice variants in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control such as PBS or DMSO) indicates that the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the splicing of the RNA transcript.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for determining whether an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the splicing of an RNA transcript (e.g., a pre-mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) culturing a cell in the presence of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (b) isolating two or more RNA transcript splice variants from the cell after a certain period of time; and (c) determining the amount of the two or more RNA transcript splice variants produced by the cell, wherein an alteration in the amount of the two or more RNA transcript in the presence of the compound relative to the amount of the two or more RNA transcript splice variants in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control such as PBS or DMSO) indicates that the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the splicing of the RNA transcript. In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for determining whether an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the splicing of an RNA transcript (e.g., a pre-mRNA transcript), comprising (a) culturing a first cell in the presence of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (b) culturing a second cell in the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control, such as PBS or DMSO); (c) isolating two or more RNA transcript splice variants produced by the first cell and isolating two or more RNA transcript splice variants produced by the second cell; (d) determining the amount of the two or more RNA transcript splice variants produced by the first cell and the second cell; and (e) comparing the amount of the two or more RNA transcript splice variants produced by the first cell to the amount of the two or more RNA transcript splice variants produced by the second cell, wherein an alteration in the amount of the two or more RNA transcript splice variants produced by the first cell relative to the amount of the two or more RNA transcript splice variants produced by the second cell indicates that the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the splicing of the RNA transcript.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for determining whether an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the amount of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) contacting a cell-free system with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (b) determining the amount of the RNA transcript produced by the cell-free system, wherein an alteration in the amount of the RNA transcript in the presence of the compound relative to the amount of the RNA transcript in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control such as PBS or DMSO) indicates that the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the amount of the RNA transcript. In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for determining whether an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the amount of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) contacting a first cell-free system with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) contacting a second cell-free system with a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control, such as PBS or DMSO); and (c) determining the amount of the RNA transcript produced by the first cell-free system and the second cell-free system; and (d) comparing the amount of the RNA transcript produced by the first cell-free system to the amount of the RNA transcript expressed by the second cell-free system, wherein an alteration in the amount of the RNA transcript produced by the first cell-free system relative to the amount of the RNA transcript produced by the second cell-free system indicates that the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the amount of the RNA transcript. In some embodiments, the cell-free system comprises purely synthetic RNA, synthetic or recombinant (purified) enzymes, and protein factors. In other embodiments, the cell-free system comprises RNA transcribed from a synthetic DNA template, synthetic or recombinant (purified) enzymes, and protein factors. In other embodiments, the cell-free system comprises purely synthetic RNA and nuclear extract. In other embodiments, the cell-free system comprises RNA transcribed from a synthetic DNA template and nuclear extract. In other embodiments, the cell-free system comprises purely synthetic RNA and whole cell extract. In other embodiments, the cell-free system comprises RNA transcribed from a synthetic DNA template and whole cell extract. In some embodiments, the cell-free system additionally comprises regulatory RNAs (e.g., microRNAs).

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for determining whether an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the splicing of an RNA transcript (e.g., a pre-mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) contacting a cell-free system with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (b) determining the amount of two or more RNA transcript splice variants produced by the cell-free system, wherein an alteration in the amount of the two or more RNA transcript splice variants in the presence of the compound relative to the amount of the two or more RNA transcript splice variants in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control such as PBS or DMSO) indicates that the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the splicing of the RNA transcript. In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for determining whether an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the splicing of an RNA transcript (e.g., a pre-mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) contacting a first cell-free system with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (b) contacting a second cell-free system with a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control, such as PBS or DMSO); and (c) determining the amount of two or more RNA transcript splice variants produced by the first cell-free system and the second cell-free system; and (d) comparing the amount of the two or more RNA transcript splice variants produced by the first cell-free system to the amount of the RNA transcript expressed by the second cell-free system, wherein an alteration in the amount of the two or more RNA transcript splice variants produced by the first cell-free system relative to the amount of the two or more RNA transcript splice variants produced by the second cell-free system indicates that the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the splicing of the RNA transcript. In some embodiments, the cell-free system comprises purely synthetic RNA, synthetic or recombinant (purified) enzymes, and protein factors. In other embodiments, the cell-free system comprises RNA transcribed from a synthetic DNA template, synthetic or recombinant (purified) enzymes, and protein factors. In other embodiments, the cell-free system comprises purely synthetic RNA and nuclear extract. In other embodiments, the cell-free system comprises RNA transcribed from a synthetic DNA template and nuclear extract. In other embodiments, the cell-free system comprises purely synthetic RNA and whole cell extract. In other embodiments, the cell-free system comprises RNA transcribed from a synthetic DNA template and whole cell extract. In some embodiments, the cell-free system additionally comprises regulatory RNAs (e.g., microRNAs).

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for determining whether an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the amount of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) culturing a cell in the presence of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) isolating the RNA transcript from the cell after a certain period of time; and (c) determining the amount of the RNA transcript produced by the cell, wherein an alteration in the amount of the RNA transcript in the presence of the compound relative to the amount of the RNA transcript in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control such as PBS or DMSO) indicates that the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the amount of the RNA transcript. In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for determining whether an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the amount of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising (a) culturing a first cell in the presence of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) culturing a second cell in the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control, such as PBS or DMSO); (c) isolating the RNA transcript produced by the first cell and isolating the RNA transcript produced by the second cell; (d) determining the amount of the RNA transcript produced by the first cell and the second cell; and (e) comparing the amount of the RNA transcript produced by the first cell to the amount of the RNA transcript produced by the second cell, wherein an alteration in the amount of the RNA transcript produced by the first cell relative to the amount of the RNA transcript produced by the second cell indicates that the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the amount of the RNA transcript.

In some embodiments, the cell contacted or cultured with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a primary cell from a subject. In some embodiments, the cell contacted or cultured with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a primary cell from a subject with a disease. In specific embodiments, the cell contacted or cultured with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a primary cell from a subject with a disease associated with an aberrant amount of an RNA transcript for a particular gene. In some specific embodiments, the cell contacted or cultured with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a primary cell from a subject with a disease associated with an aberrant amount of an isoform of a particular gene. In some embodiments, the cell contacted or cultured with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a fibroblast, an immune cell, or a muscle cell. In some embodiments, the cell contacted or cultured with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a diseased cell.

In some embodiments, the cell contacted or cultured with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from a cell line. In some embodiments, the cell contacted or cultured with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a cell line derived from a subject with a disease. In some embodiments, the cell contacted or cultured with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from a cell line known to have aberrant RNA transcript levels for a particular gene. In specific embodiments, the cell contacted or cultured with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from a cell line derived from a subject with a disease known to have aberrant RNA transcript levels for a particular gene. In some embodiments, the cell contacted or cultured with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a diseased cell line. In some specific embodiments, the cell contacted or cultured with the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from a cell line derived from a subject with a disease known to have an aberrant amount of an RNA isoform and/or protein isoform of a particular gene. Non-limiting examples of cell lines include 23132/87, 22Rv1, 293, 3T3, 4T1, 721, 9L, A2780, A172, A20, A253, A431, A-549, A-673, AGS, ALC, B 16, B35, BCP-1, BEAS-2B, bEnd.3, BHK, BR 293, BT20, BT483, BxPC3, C2C12, C₃h-10T1/2, C6/36, C6, Cal-27, CCK-81, CHO, CL-11, CL-34, COLO 201, COLO 205, COLO 320, COLO 678, COR-L23, COS, COV-434, CML 11, CMT, CRL7030, CT26, D17, DH82, DLD-1, DU145, DuCaP, EL4, EM2, EM3, EMT6, FM3, H1299, H69, HB54, HB55, HCA2, HCT 15, HCT 116, HEC-265, HEK-293, HeLa, Hepalclc7, HL-60, HMEC, Hs578T, HsS78Bst, HT-29, HT-55, HT-115, HTB2, HUVEC, IM95, ISHIKAWA, Jurkat, J558L, JY, K562, Ku812, KCL22, KG1, KM12, KYO1, LNCap, LoVo, LS 180, LS411N, Ma-Mel, MC-38, MCF-7, MCF-IOA, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-435, MDCK, MDST8, MFE-280, MG63, MOR/0.2R, MONO-MAC 6, MRC5, MTD-1A, NCI-H69, NCI-H508, NCI-H716, NIH-3T3, NALM-1, NSO, NW-145, OCUM-1, OPCN, OPCT, OUMS-23, PC-3, PNT-1A, PNT-2, Raji, RBL, RenCa, RIN-5F, RKO, RMA, Saos-2, Sf21, Sf9, SH-SY5Y, SiHa, SKBR3, SK-CO-1, SK-N-MC, SKOV-3, SNU-61, SNU-81, SNU-407, SNU-C2A, SNU-C4, SW48, SW480, SW620, SW948, SW1417, SW1463, T2, T-47D, T84, THP1, U373, U87, U937, VCaP, Vero, VERY, W138, WM39, WT-49, X63, YAC-1, and YAR cells. In one embodiment, the cells are from a patient.

In some embodiments, a dose-response assay is performed. In one embodiment, the dose response assay comprises: (a) contacting a cell with a concentration of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (b) determining the amount of the RNA transcript produced by the cell, wherein an alteration in the amount of the RNA transcript in the presence of the compound relative to the amount of the RNA transcript in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control such as PBS or DMSO) indicates that the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the amount of the RNA transcript; (c) repeating steps (a) and (b), wherein the only experimental variable changed is the concentration of the compound or a form thereof; and (d) comparing the amount of the RNA transcript produced at the different concentrations of the compound or a form thereof. In some embodiments, the dose response assay comprises: (a) culturing a cell in the presence of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) isolating the RNA transcript from the cell after a certain period of time; (c) determining the amount of the RNA transcript produced by the cell, wherein an alteration in the amount of the RNA transcript in the presence of the compound relative to the amount of the RNA transcript in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control such as PBS or DMSO) indicates that the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof modulates the amount of the RNA transcript; (d) repeating steps (a), (b), and (c), wherein the only experimental variable changed is the concentration of the compound or a form thereof; and (e) comparing the amount of the RNA transcript produced at the different concentrations of the compound or a form thereof. In some embodiments, the dose-response assay comprises: (a) contacting each well of a microtiter plate containing cells with a different concentration of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (b) determining the amount of an RNA transcript produced by cells in each well; and (c) assessing the change of the amount of the RNA transcript at the different concentrations of the compound or form thereof.

In some embodiments described herein, the cell is contacted or cultured with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a tissue sample is contacted with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a negative control for a period of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours or more. In other embodiments described herein, the cell is contacted or cultured with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a tissue sample is contacted with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a negative control for a period of 15 minutes to 1 hour, 1 to 2 hours, 2 to 4 hours, 6 to 12 hours, 12 to 18 hours, 12 to 24 hours, 28 to 24 hours, 24 to 48 hours, 48 to 72 hours.

In some embodiments described herein, the cell is contacted or cultured with a concentration of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a tissue sample is contacted with a concentration of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the concentration is 0.01 μM, 0.05 μM, 1 μM, 2 μM, 5 μM, 10 μM, 15 μM, 20 μM, 25 μM, 50 μM, 75 μM, 100 μM, or 150 μM. In other embodiments described herein, the cell is contacted or cultured with concentration of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a tissue sample is contacted with a concentration of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the concentration is 175 μM, 200 μM, 250 μM, 275 μM, 300 μM, 350 μM, 400 μM, 450 μM, 500 μM, 550 μM, 600 μM, 650 μM, 700 μM, 750 μM, 800 μM, 850 μM, 900 μM, 950 μM, or 1 mM. In some embodiments described herein, the cell is contacted or cultured with concentration of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a tissue sample is contacted with a concentration of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the concentration is 5 nM, 10 nM, 20 nM, 30 nM, 40 nM, 50 nM, 60 nM, 70 nM, 80 nM, 90 nM, 100 nM, 150 nM, 200 nM, 250 nM, 300 nM, 350 nM, 400 nM, 450 nM, 500 nM, 550 nM, 600 nM, 650 nM, 700 nM, 750 nM, 800 nM, 850 nM, 900 nM, or 950 nM. In some embodiments described herein, the cell is contacted or cultured with concentration of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a tissue sample is contacted with a concentration of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the concentration is between 0.01 μM to 0.1 μM, 0.1 μM to 1 μM, 1 μM to 50 μM, 50 μM to 100 μM, 100 μM to 500 μM, 500 μM to 1 nM, 1 nM to 10 nM, 10 nM to 50 nM, 50 nM to 100 nM, 100 nM to 500 nM, or 500 nM to 1000 nM.

Techniques known to one skilled in the art may be used to determine the amount of an RNA transcript. In some embodiments, the amount of one, two, three or more RNA transcripts is measured using deep sequencing, such as ILLUMINA® RNASeq, ILLUMINA® next generation sequencing (NGS), ION TORRENT™ RNA next generation sequencing, 454™ pyrosequencing, or Sequencing by Oligo Ligation Detection (SOLID™). In other embodiments, the amount of multiple RNA transcripts is measured using an exon array, such as the GENECHIP® human exon array. In some embodiments, the amount of one, two, three or more RNA transcripts is determined by RT-PCR. In other embodiments, the amount of one, two, three or more RNA transcripts is measured by RT-qPCR. Techniques for conducting these assays are known to one skilled in the art.

In some embodiments, a statistical analysis or other analysis is performed on data from the assay utilized to measure an RNA transcript. In some embodiments, a student t-test statistical analysis is performed on data from the assay utilized to measure an RNA transcript to determine those RNA transcripts that have an alternation in amount in the presence of the compound relative to the amount in the absence of the compound or presence of a negative control. In specific embodiments, the student t-test value of those RNA transcripts with the alternation is 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.1%. In some specific embodiments, p value of those RNA transcripts with the alternation is 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.1%. In certain specific embodiments, the student t-test and p values of those RNA transcripts with the alteration are 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.1% and 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.1%, respectively.

In some embodiments, a further analysis is performed to determine how the steric modulator compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is changing the amount of an RNA transcript. In specific embodiments, a further analysis is performed to determine if an alternation in the amount of an RNA transcript in the presence of an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof relative the amount of the RNA transcript in the absence of the compound or a form thereof, or the presence of a negative control is due to changes in transcription, splicing, and/or stability of the RNA transcript. Techniques known to one skilled in the art may be used to determine whether an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof changes, e.g., the transcription, splicing and/or stability of an RNA transcript.

In some embodiments, the stability of one or more RNA transcripts is determined by serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), differential display analysis (DD), RNA arbitrarily primer (RAP)-PCR, restriction endonuclease-lytic analysis of differentially expressed sequences (READS), amplified restriction fragment-length polymorphism (ALFP), total gene expression analysis (TOGA), RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, high-density cDNA filter hybridization analysis (HDFCA), suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), differential screening (DS), cDNA arrays, oligonucleotide chips, or tissue microarrays. In other embodiments, the stability of one or more RNA transcripts is determined by Northern blots, RNase protection, or slot blots.

In some embodiments, the transcription in a cell or tissue sample is inhibited before (e.g., 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, or 72 hours before) or after (e.g., 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, or 72 hours after) the cell or the tissue sample is contacted or cultured with an inhibitor of transcription, such as a-amanitin, DRB, flavopiridol, triptolide, or actinomycin-D. In other embodiments, the transcription in a cell or tissue sample is inhibited with an inhibitor of transcription, such as α-amanitin, DRB, flavopiridol, triptolide, or actinomycin-D, while the cell or tissue sample is contacted or cultured with an SMSM or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the level of transcription of one or more RNA transcripts is determined by nuclear run-on assay or an in vitro transcription initiation and elongation assay. In some embodiments, the detection of transcription is based on measuring radioactivity or fluorescence. In some embodiments, a PCR-based amplification step is used.

In some embodiments, the amount of alternatively spliced forms of the RNA transcripts of a particular gene are measured to see if there is an alteration in the amount of one, two or more alternatively spliced forms of the RNA transcripts of the gene. In some embodiments, the amount of an isoform encoded by a particular gene is measured to see if there is an alteration in the amount of the isoform. In some embodiments, the levels of spliced forms of RNA are quantified by RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, or northern blotting. In other embodiments, sequence-specific techniques may be used to detect the levels of an individual splice form. In some embodiments, splicing is measured in vitro using nuclear extracts. In some embodiments, detection is based on measuring radioactivity or fluorescence. In some embodiments, cells treated with an SMSM are further treated with cycloheximide (CHX) to inhibit protein translation and nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) to allow more accurate measurement of the amount of alternatively spliced forms of the RNA transcripts or the RNA transcripts containing a poison exon. Techniques known to one skilled in the art may be used to measure alterations in the amount of alternatively spliced forms of an RNA transcript of a gene and alterations in the amount of an isoform encoded by a gene.

Biological Samples

A sample, e.g., a biological sample can be taken from a subject and examined to determine whether the subject produces mRNA that is subject to alternative splicing. A biological sample can comprise a plurality of biological samples. The plurality of biological samples can contain two or more biological samples; for examples, about 2-1000, 2-500, 2-250, 2-100, 2-75, 2-50, 2-25, 2-10, 10-1000, 10-500, 10-250, 10-100, 10-75, 10-50, 10-25, 25-1000, 25-500, 25-250, 25-100, 25-75, 25-50, 50-1000, 50-500, 50-250, 50-100, 50-75, 60-70, 100-1000, 100-500, 100-250, 250-1000, 250-500, 500-1000, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, or more biological samples. The biological samples can be obtained from a plurality of subjects, giving a plurality of sets of a plurality of samples. The biological samples can be obtained from about 2 to about 1000 subjects, or more; for example, about 2-1000, 2-500, 2-250, 2-100, 2-50, 2-25, 2-20, 2-10, 10-1000, 10-500, 10-250, 10-100, 10-50, 10-25, 10-20, 15-20, 25-1000, 25-500, 25-250, 25-100, 25-50, 50-1000, 50-500, 50-250, 50-100, 100-1000, 100-500, 100-250, 250-1000, 250-500, 500-1000, or at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 68, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, to 1000 or more subjects.

The biological samples can be obtained from human subjects. The biological samples can be obtained from human subjects at different ages. The human subject can be prenatal (e.g., a fetus), a child (e.g., a neonate, an infant, a toddler, a preadolescent), an adolescent, a pubescent, or an adult (e.g., an early adult, a middle aged adult, a senior citizen). The human subject can be between about 0 months and about 120 years old, or older. The human subject can be between about 0 and about 12 months old; for example, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months old. The human subject can be between about 0 and 12 years old; for example, between about 0 and 30 days old; between about 1 month and 12 months old; between about 1 year and 3 years old; between about 4 years and 5 years old; between about 4 years and 12 years old; about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 years old. The human subject can be between about 13 years and 19 years old; for example, about 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19 years old. The human subject can be between about 20 and about 39 year old; for example, about 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, or 39 years old. The human subject can be between about 40 to about 59 years old; for example, about 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, or 59 years old. The human subject can be greater than 59 years old; for example, about 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, or 120 years old. The human subjects can include living subjects or deceased subjects. The human subjects can include male subjects and/or female subjects.

Biological samples can be obtained from any suitable source that allows determination of expression levels of genes, e.g., from cells, tissues, bodily fluids or secretions, or a gene expression product derived therefrom (e.g., nucleic acids, such as DNA or RNA; polypeptides, such as protein or protein fragments). The nature of the biological sample can depend upon the nature of the subject. If a biological sample is from a subject that is a unicellular organism or a multicellular organism with undifferentiated tissue, the biological sample can comprise cells, such as a sample of a cell culture, an excision of the organism, or the entire organism. If a biological sample is from a multicellular organism, the biological sample can be a tissue sample, a fluid sample, or a secretion.

The biological samples can be obtained from different tissues. The term tissue is meant to include ensembles of cells that are of a common developmental origin and have similar or identical function. The term tissue is also meant to encompass organs, which can be a functional grouping and organization of cells that can have different origins. The biological sample can be obtained from any tissue. Suitable tissues from a plant can include, but are not limited to, epidermal tissue such as the outer surface of leaves; vascular tissue such as the xylem and phloem, and ground tissue. Suitable plant tissues can also include leaves, roots, root tips, stems, flowers, seeds, cones, shoots, stobili, pollen, or a portion or combination thereof.

The biological samples can be obtained from different tissue samples from one or more humans or non-human animals. Suitable tissues can include connective tissues, muscle tissues, nervous tissues, epithelial tissues or a portion or combination thereof. Suitable tissues can also include all or a portion of a lung, a heart, a blood vessel (e.g., artery, vein, capillary), a salivary gland, a esophagus, a stomach, a liver, a gallbladder, a pancreas, a colon, a rectum, an anus, a hypothalamus, a pituitary gland, a pineal gland, a thyroid, a parathyroid, an adrenal gland, a kidney, a ureter, a bladder, a urethra, a lymph node, a tonsil, an adenoid, a thymus, a spleen, skin, muscle, a brain, a spinal cord, a nerve, an ovary, a fallopian tube, a uterus, vaginal tissue, a mammary gland, a testicle, a vas deferens, a seminal vesicle, a prostate, penile tissue, a pharynx, a larynx, a trachea, a bronchi, a diaphragm, bone marrow, a hair follicle, or a combination thereof. A biological sample from a human or non-human animal can also include a bodily fluid, secretion, or excretion; for example, a biological sample can be a sample of aqueous humour, vitreous humour, bile, blood, blood serum, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid, endolymph, perilymph, female ejaculate, amniotic fluid, gastric juice, menses, mucus, peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, saliva, sebum, semen, sweat, tears, vaginal secretion, vomit, urine, feces, or a combination thereof. The biological sample can be from healthy tissue, diseased tissue, tissue suspected of being diseased, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the biological sample is a fluid sample, for example a sample of blood, serum, sputum, urine, semen, or other biological fluid. In certain embodiments the sample is a blood sample. In some embodiments the biological sample is a tissue sample, such as a tissue sample taken to determine the presence or absence of disease in the tissue. In certain embodiments the sample is a sample of thyroid tissue.

The biological samples can be obtained from subjects in different stages of disease progression or different conditions. Different stages of disease progression or different conditions can include healthy, at the onset of primary symptom, at the onset of secondary symptom, at the onset of tertiary symptom, during the course of primary symptom, during the course of secondary symptom, during the course of tertiary symptom, at the end of the primary symptom, at the end of the secondary symptom, at the end of tertiary symptom, after the end of the primary symptom, after the end of the secondary symptom, after the end of the tertiary symptom, or a combination thereof. Different stages of disease progression can be a period of time after being diagnosed or suspected to have a disease; for example, at least about, or at least, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 hours; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 or 28 days; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 weeks; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 months; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 or 50 years after being diagnosed or suspected to have a disease. Different stages of disease progression or different conditions can include before, during or after an action or state; for example, treatment with drugs, treatment with a surgery, treatment with a procedure, performance of a standard of care procedure, resting, sleeping, eating, fasting, walking, running, performing a cognitive task, sexual activity, thinking, jumping, urinating, relaxing, being immobilized, being emotionally traumatized, being shock, and the like.

The methods of the present disclosure provide for analysis of a biological sample from a subject or a set of subjects. The subject(s) may be, e.g., any animal (e.g., a mammal), including but not limited to humans, non-human primates, rodents, dogs, cats, pigs, fish, and the like. The present methods and compositions can apply to biological samples from humans, as described herein.

A biological sample can be obtained by methods known in the art such as the biopsy methods provided herein, swabbing, scraping, phlebotomy, or any other suitable method. The biological sample can be obtained, stored, or transported using components of a kit of the present disclosure. In some cases, multiple biological samples, such as multiple thyroid samples, can be obtained for analysis, characterization, or diagnosis according to the methods of the present disclosure. In some cases, multiple biological samples, such as one or more samples from one tissue type (e.g., thyroid) and one or more samples from another tissue type (e.g., buccal) can be obtained for diagnosis or characterization by the methods of the present disclosure. In some cases, multiple samples, such as one or more samples from one tissue type (e.g., thyroid) and one or more samples from another tissue (e.g., buccal) can be obtained at the same or different times. In some cases, the samples obtained at different times are stored and/or analyzed by different methods. For example, a sample can be obtained and analyzed by cytological analysis (e.g., using routine staining). In some cases, a further sample can be obtained from a subject based on the results of a cytological analysis. The diagnosis of cancer or other condition can include an examination of a subject by a physician, nurse or other medical professional. The examination can be part of a routine examination, or the examination can be due to a specific complaint including, but not limited to, one of the following: pain, illness, anticipation of illness, presence of a suspicious lump or mass, a disease, or a condition. The subject may or may not be aware of the disease or the condition. The medical professional can obtain a biological sample for testing. In some cases the medical professional can refer the subject to a testing center or laboratory for submission of the biological sample. The methods of obtaining provided herein include methods of biopsy including fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, vacuum assisted biopsy, incisional biopsy, excisional biopsy, punch biopsy, shave biopsy or skin biopsy. In some cases, the methods and compositions provided herein are applied to data only from biological samples obtained by FNA. In some cases, the methods and compositions provided herein are applied to data only from biological samples obtained by FNA or surgical biopsy. In some cases, the methods and compositions provided herein are applied to data only from biological samples obtained by surgical biopsy. A biological sample can be obtained by non-invasive methods, such methods including, but not limited to: scraping of the skin or cervix, swabbing of the cheek, saliva collection, urine collection, feces collection, collection of menses, tears, or semen. The biological sample can be obtained by an invasive procedure, such procedures including, but not limited to: biopsy, alveolar or pulmonary lavage, needle aspiration, or phlebotomy. The method of biopsy can further include incisional biopsy, excisional biopsy, punch biopsy, shave biopsy, or skin biopsy. The method of needle aspiration can further include fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, vacuum assisted biopsy, or large core biopsy. Multiple biological samples can be obtained by the methods herein to ensure a sufficient amount of biological material. Methods of obtaining suitable samples of thyroid are known in the art and are further described in the ATA Guidelines for thyroid nodule management (Cooper et al. Thyroid Vol. 16 No. 2 2006), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Generic methods for obtaining biological samples are also known in the art and further described in for example Ramzy, Ibrahim Clinical Cytopathology and Aspiration Biopsy 2001 which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The biological sample can be a fine needle aspirate of a thyroid nodule or a suspected thyroid tumor. The fine needle aspirate sampling procedure can be guided by the use of an ultrasound, X-ray, or other imaging device.

In some cases, the subject can be referred to a specialist such as an oncologist, surgeon, or endocrinologist for further diagnosis. The specialist can likewise obtain a biological sample for testing or refer the individual to a testing center or laboratory for submission of the biological sample. In any case, the biological sample can be obtained by a physician, nurse, or other medical professional such as a medical technician, endocrinologist, cytologist, phlebotomist, radiologist, or a pulmonologist. The medical professional can indicate the appropriate test or assay to perform on the sample, or the molecular profiling business of the present disclosure can consult on which assays or tests are most appropriately indicated. The molecular profiling business can bill the individual or medical or insurance provider thereof for consulting work, for sample acquisition and or storage, for materials, or for all products and services rendered.

A medical professional need not be involved in the initial diagnosis or sample acquisition. An individual can alternatively obtain a sample through the use of an over the counter kit. The kit can contain a means for obtaining said sample as described herein, a means for storing the sample for inspection, and instructions for proper use of the kit. In some cases, molecular profiling services are included in the price for purchase of the kit. In other cases, the molecular profiling services are billed separately.

A biological sample suitable for use by the molecular profiling business can be any material containing tissues, cells, nucleic acids, genes, gene fragments, expression products, gene expression products, and/or gene expression product fragments of an individual to be tested. Methods for determining sample suitability and/or adequacy are provided. The biological sample can include, but is not limited to, tissue, cells, and/or biological material from cells or derived from cells of an individual. The sample can be a heterogeneous or homogeneous population of cells or tissues. The biological sample can be obtained using any method known to the art that can provide a sample suitable for the analytical methods described herein.

Obtaining a biological sample can be aided by the use of a kit. A kit can be provided containing materials for obtaining, storing, and/or shipping biological samples. The kit can contain, for example, materials and/or instruments for the collection of the biological sample (e.g., sterile swabs, sterile cotton, disinfectant, needles, syringes, scalpels, anesthetic swabs, knives, curette blade, liquid nitrogen, etc.). The kit can contain, for example, materials and/or instruments for the storage and/or preservation of biological samples (e.g., containers; materials for temperature control such as ice, ice packs, cold packs, dry ice, liquid nitrogen; chemical preservatives or buffers such as formaldehyde, formalin, paraformaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, alcohols such as ethanol or methanol, acetone, acetic acid, HOPE fixative (Hepes-glutamic acid buffer-mediated organic solvent protection effect), heparin, saline, phosphate buffered saline, TAPS, bicine, Tris, tricine, TAPSO, HEPES, TES, MOPS, PIPES, cadodylate, SSC, MES, phosphate buffer; protease inhibitors such as aprotinin, bestatin, calpain inhibitor I and II, chymostatin, E-64, leupeptin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, pefabloc SC, pepstatin, phenylmethanesufonyl fluoride, trypsin inhibitors; DNAse inhibitors such as 2-mercaptoethanol, 2-nitro-5-thicyanobenzoic acid, calcium, EGTA, EDTA, sodium dodecyl sulfate, iodoacetate, etc.; RNAse inhibitors such as ribonuclease inhibitor protein; double-distilled water; DEPC (diethyprocarbonate) treated water, etc.). The kit can contain instructions for use. The kit can be provided as, or contain, a suitable container for shipping. The shipping container can be an insulated container. The shipping container can be self-addressed to a collection agent (e.g., laboratory, medical center, genetic testing company, etc.). The kit can be provided to a subject for home use or use by a medical professional. Alternatively, the kit can be provided directly to a medical professional.

One or more biological samples can be obtained from a given subject. In some cases, between about 1 and about 50 biological samples are obtained from the given subject; for example, about 1-50, 1-40, 1-30, 1-25, 1-20, 1-15, 1-10, 1-7, 1-5, 5-50, 5-40, 5-30, 5-25, 5-15, 5-10, 10-50, 10-40, 10-25, 10-20, 25-50, 25-40, or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 biological samples can be obtained from the given subject. Multiple biological samples from the given subject can be obtained from the same source (e.g., the same tissue), e.g., multiple blood samples, or multiple tissue samples, or from multiple sources (e.g., multiple tissues). Multiple biological samples from the given subject can be obtained at the same time or at different times. Multiple biological samples from the given subject can be obtained at the same condition or different condition. Multiple biological samples from the given subject can be obtained at the same disease progression or different disease progression of the subject. If multiple biological samples are collected from the same source (e.g., the same tissue) from the particular subject, the samples can be combined into a single sample. Combining samples in this way can ensure that enough material is obtained for testing and/or analysis.

Methods of Making Compounds

Compounds described herein can be synthesized using standard synthetic techniques or using methods known in the art in combination with methods described herein. Unless otherwise indicated, conventional methods of mass spectroscopy, NMR, HPLC, protein chemistry, biochemistry, recombinant DNA techniques and pharmacology can be employed. Compounds can be prepared using standard organic chemistry techniques such as those described in, for example, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Alternative reaction conditions for the synthetic transformations described herein may be employed such as variation of solvent, reaction temperature, reaction time, as well as different chemical reagents and other reaction conditions. The starting materials can be available from commercial sources or can be readily prepared. By way of example only, provided are schemes for preparing the SMSMs described herein.

Suitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis of reactants useful in the preparation of compounds described herein, or provide references to articles that describe the preparation, include for example, “Synthetic Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York; S. R. Sandler et al., “Organic Functional Group Preparations,” 2nd Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1983; H. O. House, “Modern Synthetic Reactions”, 2nd Ed., W. A. Benjamin, Inc. Menlo Park, Calif. 1972; T. L. Gilchrist, “Heterocyclic Chemistry”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992; J. March, “Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure”, 4th Ed., Wiley Interscience, New York, 1992. Additional suitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis of reactants useful in the preparation of compounds described herein, or provide references to articles that describe the preparation, include for example, Fuhrhop, J. and Penzlin G. “Organic Synthesis: Concepts, Methods, Starting Materials”, Second, Revised and Enlarged Edition (1994) John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3 527-29074-5; Hoffman, R. V. “Organic Chemistry, An Intermediate Text” (1996) Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-509618-5; Larock, R. C. “Comprehensive Organic Transformations: A Guide to Functional Group Preparations” 2nd Edition (1999) Wiley-VCH, ISBN: 0-471-19031-4; March, J. “Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure” 4th Edition (1992) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0-471-60180-2; Otera, J. (editor) “Modern Carbonyl Chemistry” (2000) Wiley-VCH, ISBN: 3-527-29871-1; Patai, S. “Patai's 1992 Guide to the Chemistry of Functional Groups” (1992) Interscience ISBN: 0-471-93022-9; Solomons, T. W. G. “Organic Chemistry” 7th Edition (2000) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0-471-19095-0; Stowell, J. C., “Intermediate Organic Chemistry” 2nd Edition (1993) Wiley-Interscience, ISBN: 0-471-57456-2; “Industrial Organic Chemicals: Starting Materials and Intermediates: An Ullmann's Encyclopedia” (1999) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 3-527-29645-X, in 8 volumes; “Organic Reactions” (1942-2000) John Wiley & Sons, in over 55 volumes; and “Chemistry of Functional Groups” John Wiley & Sons, in 73 volumes.

In the reactions described, it may be necessary to protect reactive functional groups, for example hydroxy, amino, imino, thio or carboxy groups, where these are desired in the final product, in order to avoid their unwanted participation in reactions. A detailed description of techniques applicable to the creation of protecting groups and their removal are described in Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1999, and Kocienski, Protective Groups, Thieme Verlag, New York, N.Y., 1994, which are incorporated herein by reference for such disclosure).

SMSMs can be made using known techniques and further chemically modified, in some embodiments, to facilitate intranuclear transfer to, e.g., a splicing complex component, a spliceosome or a pre-mRNA molecule. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate the standard medicinal chemistry approaches for chemical modifications for intranuclear transfer (e.g., reducing charge, optimizing size, and/or modifying lipophilicity).

EXAMPLES

These examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and not to limit the scope of the claims provided herein. The starting materials and reagents used for the synthesis of the compounds described herein may be synthesized or can be obtained from commercial sources, such as, but not limited to, Sigma-Aldrich, Acros Organics, Fluka, and Fischer Scientific.

Example 1: Identification of NMD-triggering Poison Exons

To identify putative NMD inducing exons (poison exons), exon cassettes were prefiltered and analyzed with coordinates as shown in Table 3. Host intron coordinates indicate the position where the upstream (last) exon ends and an intron begins. If the downstream exon is the last exon in the gene (i.e., the exon-exon injunction is the last injunction), the coordinate is labeled L. If the downstream exon is not the last exon in the gene, the coordinate is labeled I. An exon is then analyzed by entering each reading frame (0, 1, or 2) into the cassette exon and searching for a stop codon in the exon in a given reading frame. If the distance between the stop codon and the end of the exon is at least 60 base pairs, the exon is a putative poison exon. If the distance between the stop codon and the end of the exon is less than 60 base pairs, and if the downstream exon is labeled I, then the number of nucleotide base pairs remaining in the cassette is calculated and added to the length of the downstream exon. If the total length is at least 60 base pairs, the exon is a putative poison exon. If there is no stop codon in the cassette exon, and if the exon has a length not divisible by 3, the exon is a frame-shifting exon. The downstream exon is then analyzed with the steps as described above for a putative poison exon.

Example 2: qPCR Assay

A-673 or SK-N-MC cells were treated with different concentrations of SMSM compounds or DMSO for 24 hours. After the first 16 hours, cells were treated with 100 ug/ml of cycloheximide (CHX) for 8 hours to inhibit protein translation and nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). Cells were lysed with RNA lysis buffer and RNAs were purified using standard methods. After cDNA synthesis, samples were analyzed by qPCR using target transcript specific Taqman primers/probes (FIGS. 7, 19, 20, and 29 ). Absolute copy numbers were determined using standard curves from G-block DNA fragments (FIGS. 8, 9, and 21 ). Relative gene expression was determined by comparing the gene expression in the presence of an SMSM and DMSO (FIGS. 10-16 and 22-28 ).

Results: RNA transcripts containing a poison exon are stabilized when NMD is inhibited, consistent with the ability of SMSM compounds to induce poison exon inclusion in RNA transcripts.

Example 3: Protein Assay

A-673 cells were treated with different concentrations of SMSM compounds or DMSO for 24 or 48 hours. Proteins were harvested and protein levels relative to tubulin were measured and compared to DMSO control (FIG. 17 ).

Results: The inclusion of a poison exon in the RNA transcript such as mRNA introduces a premature termination codon (PTC) that triggers the degradation of target mRNA transcripts, which results in decreased target protein levels.

The examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and various modifications or changes suggested to persons skilled in the art are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims. 

1.-20. (canceled)
 21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) a small molecule splicing modulator (SMSM) that does not comprise a phosphodiester linkage and that has a molecular weight of from 100 Daltons to 2000 Daltons, wherein the SMSM binds to a pre-mRNA that encodes a target protein and that comprises a splice site sequence thereby modulating splicing of the pre-mRNA at the splice site to generate a spliced product of the pre-mRNA that comprises a poison exon, wherein the spliced product of the pre-mRNA undergoes nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), and wherein expression of the target protein encoded by the spliced product is decreased in a cell contacted with the SMSM compared to expression of the target protein encoded by the pre-mRNA in a cell that has not been contacted with the SMSM; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 22. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 21, wherein the splice site sequence comprises a bulged nucleotide.
 23. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 22, wherein the bulged nucleotide is located at position that is a −1 position relative to the splice site of the splice site sequence.
 24. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 21, wherein the splice site sequence is a 5′ splice site sequence, a 3′ splice site sequence, a branch point splice site sequence, an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) sequence, an exonic splicing silencer (ESS) sequence, an intronic splicing enhancer (ISE) sequence, an intronic splicing silencer (ISS) sequence, a polypyrimidine tract sequence, or a cryptic splice site sequence.
 25. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 21, wherein the splice site sequence is GAguaag.
 26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 21, wherein the SMSM has a carbon composition of between 63% and 68%.
 27. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein the SMSM has a nitrogen composition of between 18% and 26%.
 28. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein the SMSM has a hydrogen composition of between 5% and 8%.
 29. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, wherein the SMSM has an oxygen composition of between 3% and 8%.
 30. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, wherein the SMSM has a topological polar surface area of between 86 and 103 Å².
 31. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 30, wherein the SMSM has a sulfur composition of between 0% and 9%.
 32. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 31, wherein the SMSM has a ratio of hydrogen bond donors to hydrogen bond acceptors between 1:1.6 and 1:5.
 33. A method of treating, preventing, and/or delaying progression of a disease or a condition in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 21 to the subject.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the disease or the condition is a disease or a condition associated with expression level, over-expression, or gain-of-function of a protein encoded by a mutation in a gene encoding the pre-mRNA.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the disease or the condition is associated with expression level, over-expression, or gain-of-function of a protein encoded by the gene.
 36. The method of claim 33, wherein the disease or the condition is a cancer, a degenerative disease, a genetic disorder, an inherited disease, or a brain disease.
 37. The method of claim 33, wherein the disease or the condition is selected from the group consisting of ischemic heart disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, cystinosis, myasthenic syndrome, congenital, 6, presynaptic (CMS6); dyslexia; reading disorder; leukemia; colon cancer; Lynch syndrome; Werner syndrome; prostate cancer; an MSI-related cancer; ovarian cancer; breast cancer; endometrial cancer; neuroblastoma; Coffin-Siris syndrome; or autism spectrum disorder; Robinow syndrome; brachydactyly type B; von Willebrand disease; Becker disease; Leber congenital amaurosis; Thomsen disease factor X deficiency; β-thalassemia; retinitis pigmentosa and blindness; Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia; Sandhoff disease; Marfan syndrome; multiple cancers; triosphosphate isomerase (TPI) deficiency; autism; prior-induced neurodegeneration; Huntington's disease; Parkinson's disease; Alzheimer's disease; demyelinating neuropathy; central dysmyelinating leukodystrophy; Waardenburg syndrome and Hirschsprung disease (PCWH); congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy (MPZ); Dejerine-Sottas neuropathy (DNS); Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1B (CMT1B); supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAC); congential cutis laxa; Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS); osteogenesis imperfecta (OI); small vessel brain disease and Hereditary angiopathy with nephropathy; aneurysms; and muscle cramps (HANAC) syndrome; Leigh syndrome and respiratory complex I deficiency; spherocytosis and renal tubular acidosis; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and infantile-onset ascending spastic paralysis; Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome (GCS); Pallister-Hall syndrome (PHS) and acrocallosal syndrome.
 38. The method of claim 33, wherein the subject is a human subject.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the method comprises administering the pharmaceutical composition to the human subject orally.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the method comprises administering from 0.001 mg/kg/day to 500 mg/kg/day to the human subject. 